CREATE TABLE `mdl_grade_letters` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `contextid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `lowerboundary` decimal(10,5) NOT NULL,
  `letter` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Repository for grade letters, for courses and other moodle e' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_grade_outcomes`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_grade_outcomes` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `courseid` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `shortname` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `fullname` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `scaleid` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timecreated` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='This table describes the outcomes used in the system. An out' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_grade_outcomes_courses`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_grade_outcomes_courses` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `courseid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `outcomeid` bigint NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='stores what outcomes are used in what courses.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_grade_outcomes_history`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_grade_outcomes_history` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `action` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `oldid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `source` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `loggeduser` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `courseid` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `shortname` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `fullname` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `scaleid` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='History table' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_grade_settings`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_grade_settings` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `courseid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `value` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='gradebook settings' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_gradingform_guide_comments`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_gradingform_guide_comments` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `definitionid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `sortorder` bigint NOT NULL,
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='frequently used comments used in marking guide' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_gradingform_guide_criteria`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_gradingform_guide_criteria` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `definitionid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `sortorder` bigint NOT NULL,
  `shortname` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint DEFAULT NULL,
  `descriptionmarkers` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `descriptionmarkersformat` tinyint DEFAULT NULL,
  `maxscore` decimal(10,5) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Stores the rows of the criteria grid.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_gradingform_guide_fillings`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_gradingform_guide_fillings` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `instanceid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `criterionid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `remark` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `remarkformat` tinyint DEFAULT NULL,
  `score` decimal(10,5) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Stores the data of how the guide is filled by a particular r' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_gradingform_rubric_criteria`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_gradingform_rubric_criteria` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `definitionid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `sortorder` bigint NOT NULL,
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Stores the rows of the rubric grid.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_gradingform_rubric_fillings`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_gradingform_rubric_fillings` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `instanceid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `criterionid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `levelid` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `remark` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `remarkformat` tinyint DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Stores the data of how the rubric is filled by a particular ' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_gradingform_rubric_levels`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_gradingform_rubric_levels` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `criterionid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `score` decimal(10,5) NOT NULL,
  `definition` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `definitionformat` bigint DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Stores the columns of the rubric grid.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_grading_areas`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_grading_areas` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `contextid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `component` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `areaname` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `activemethod` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Identifies gradable areas where advanced grading can happen.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_grading_definitions`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_grading_definitions` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `areaid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `method` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `copiedfromid` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint NOT NULL,
  `usercreated` bigint NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL,
  `usermodified` bigint NOT NULL,
  `timecopied` bigint DEFAULT '0',
  `options` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Contains the basic information about an advanced grading for' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_grading_instances`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_grading_instances` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `definitionid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `raterid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `itemid` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `rawgrade` decimal(10,5) DEFAULT NULL,
  `status` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `feedback` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `feedbackformat` tinyint DEFAULT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Grading form instance is an assessment record for one gradab' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_groupings`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_groupings` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `courseid` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `idnumber` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `configdata` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `timecreated` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='A grouping is a collection of groups. WAS: groups_groupings' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_groupings_groups`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_groupings_groups` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `groupingid` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `groupid` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timeadded` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Link a grouping to a group (note, groups can be in multiple ' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_groups`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_groups` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `courseid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `idnumber` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `name` varchar(254) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `descriptionformat` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `enrolmentkey` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `picture` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `visibility` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `participation` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `timecreated` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Each record represents a group.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_groups_members`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_groups_members` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `groupid` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `userid` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timeadded` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `component` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `itemid` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Link a user to a group.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_h5p`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_h5p` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `jsoncontent` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `mainlibraryid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `displayoptions` smallint DEFAULT NULL,
  `pathnamehash` varchar(40) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `contenthash` varchar(40) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `filtered` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `timecreated` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Stores H5P content information' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_h5pactivity`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_h5pactivity` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `course` bigint NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `timecreated` bigint NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL,
  `intro` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `introformat` smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `grade` bigint DEFAULT '0',
  `displayoptions` smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `enabletracking` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `grademethod` smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `reviewmode` smallint DEFAULT '1'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Stores the h5pactivity activity module instances.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_h5pactivity_attempts`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_h5pactivity_attempts` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `h5pactivityid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `userid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint NOT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL,
  `attempt` mediumint NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `rawscore` bigint DEFAULT '0',
  `maxscore` bigint DEFAULT '0',
  `scaled` decimal(10,5) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00000',
  `duration` bigint DEFAULT '0',
  `completion` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  `success` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Users attempts inside H5P activities' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_h5pactivity_attempts_results`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_h5pactivity_attempts_results` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `attemptid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `subcontent` varchar(128) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `timecreated` bigint NOT NULL,
  `interactiontype` varchar(128) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `correctpattern` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `response` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `additionals` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `rawscore` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `maxscore` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `duration` bigint DEFAULT '0',
  `completion` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  `success` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='H5Pactivities_attempts tracking info' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_h5p_contents_libraries`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_h5p_contents_libraries` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `h5pid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `libraryid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `dependencytype` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `dropcss` tinyint(1) NOT NULL,
  `weight` bigint NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Store which library is used in which content.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_h5p_libraries`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_h5p_libraries` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `machinename` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `title` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `majorversion` smallint NOT NULL,
  `minorversion` smallint NOT NULL,
  `patchversion` smallint NOT NULL,
  `runnable` tinyint(1) NOT NULL,
  `fullscreen` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `embedtypes` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `preloadedjs` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `preloadedcss` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `droplibrarycss` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `semantics` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `addto` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `coremajor` smallint DEFAULT NULL,
  `coreminor` smallint DEFAULT NULL,
  `metadatasettings` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `tutorial` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `example` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `enabled` tinyint(1) DEFAULT '1'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Stores information about libraries used by H5P content.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_h5p_libraries_cachedassets`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_h5p_libraries_cachedassets` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `libraryid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `hash` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='H5P cached library assets' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_h5p_library_dependencies`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_h5p_library_dependencies` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `libraryid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `requiredlibraryid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `dependencytype` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Stores H5P library dependencies' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_hotquestion`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_hotquestion` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `course` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `intro` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `introformat` smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `submitdirections` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Submit your question here',
  `timecreated` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timeopen` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timeclose` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `viewaftertimeclose` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `questionlabel` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Questions',
  `teacherpriorityvisibility` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `teacherprioritylabel` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Priority',
  `heatvisibility` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `heatlabel` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Heat',
  `heatlimit` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `anonymouspost` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `authorhide` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `approval` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `approvallabel` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Approved',
  `removelabel` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Remove',
  `scale` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `assessed` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `assesstimestart` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `assesstimefinish` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `comments` smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `grade` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `postmaxgrade` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `factorheat` tinyint DEFAULT '0',
  `factorpriority` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `factorvote` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `completionpost` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `completionvote` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `completionpass` tinyint DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Default comment for hotquestion, please edit me' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

--
-- Déchargement des données de la table `mdl_hotquestion`
--

INSERT INTO `mdl_hotquestion` (`id`, `course`, `name`, `intro`, `introformat`, `submitdirections`, `timecreated`, `timemodified`, `timeopen`, `timeclose`, `viewaftertimeclose`, `questionlabel`, `teacherpriorityvisibility`, `teacherprioritylabel`, `heatvisibility`, `heatlabel`, `heatlimit`, `anonymouspost`, `authorhide`, `approval`, `approvallabel`, `removelabel`, `scale`, `assessed`, `assesstimestart`, `assesstimefinish`, `comments`, `grade`, `postmaxgrade`, `factorheat`, `factorpriority`, `factorvote`, `completionpost`, `completionvote`, `completionpass`) VALUES
(1, 3, 'Quels sont les front de pression à éviter ?', '<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Windstorm_Emma.png\" alt=\"Quels sont les front de pression à éviter ?\" width=\"600\" height=\"474\"></p>\r\n<p>Dites pourquoi dans votre réponse.</p>', 1, 'Quels sont les front de pression à éviter ?', 1734512496, 1734512881, 1734512400, 1766048460, 1, 'Questions', 1, 'Priority', 1, 'Heat', 5, 1, 0, 0, 'Approved', 'Remove', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 5, 20, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_hotquestion_grades`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_hotquestion_grades` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `hotquestion` bigint NOT NULL,
  `userid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `rawrating` decimal(10,5) DEFAULT NULL,
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Grading data for hotquestion instances' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

--
-- Déchargement des données de la table `mdl_hotquestion_grades`
--

INSERT INTO `mdl_hotquestion_grades` (`id`, `hotquestion`, `userid`, `rawrating`, `timemodified`) VALUES
(1, 1, 2, 0.20000, 1734512592);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_hotquestion_questions`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_hotquestion_questions` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `hotquestion` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `content` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `format` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `userid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `time` bigint NOT NULL,
  `anonymous` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `approved` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `tpriority` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='The questions that students submit.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

--
-- Déchargement des données de la table `mdl_hotquestion_questions`
--

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(1, 1, '<p>viloet</p>', 1, 2, 1734512592, 0, 1, 0);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_hotquestion_rounds`
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--
-- Déchargement des données de la table `mdl_hotquestion_rounds`
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INSERT INTO `mdl_hotquestion_rounds` (`id`, `hotquestion`, `starttime`, `endtime`) VALUES
(1, 1, 1734512496, 0);

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--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_hotquestion_votes`
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-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_imscp`
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--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_infected_files`
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--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_label`
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  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `course` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
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--
-- Déchargement des données de la table `mdl_label`
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(1, 7, 'Sigles', '', 1, 1734170881),
(2, 1, 'Plateforme d\'aide à l\'examen du Brevet d\'Initiation Aéronautique', '<h3>Les avions en temps réel</h3>\r\n<div id=\"map\"></div>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<h3><img class=\"img-fluid\" style=\"float: right; margin-left: 20px;\" src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/images/Aviation_-_collage2.jpg\" alt=\"les différents type d\'aviation\r\n\" width=\"494\" height=\"710\">Bienvenue sur la plateforme d\'aide à la préparation de l\'examen du Brevet d\'Initiation Aéronautique.</h3>\r\n<p>Dans cette plateforme vous trouverez des ressources libres et des formateurs bénévoles pour réussir sans difficultés l’examen du BIA. </p>\r\n<p>L\'examen se compose de cinq épreuves obligatoires (QCM) notées sur 20, portant sur les thématiques des cours ci-dessous. Le total des points est de 100. Une moyenne de 50 points est exigée pour l\'ensemble des épreuves. Seuls les points au-dessus de la moyenne obtenus à l\'épreuve facultative sont pris en compte. La note « 0 » est éliminatoire pour toutes les épreuves <code>obligatoires.</code> Durée totale des épreuves : 2 heures 30 et 30 minutes de plus pour l\'épreuve en anglais.</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Les candidats scolaires s\'inscrivent via leur établissement scolaire.</li>\r\n<li>Les candidats individuels s’inscrivent directement <a href=\"https://cyclades.education.gouv.fr/cyccandidat/portal/login\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sur Cyclades</a>.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Dans cette plateforme vous trouverez des <a href=\"https://bia-facile.fr/course/view.php?id=8\">tests d\'autopositionnement pour le BIA </a>conçus pour aider les candidats à évaluer leur niveau de connaissances avant de passer l\'examen officiel.</p>\r\n<p>Vous y trouverez également des annales complètes et corrigées, vous permettant de vous entraîner.</p>\r\n<h4> </h4>\r\n<h4>Objectifs des tests de cette plateforme</h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Permettre au candidat de se situer par rapport aux compétences requises pour réussir l\'examen du BIA.</li>\r\n<li>Aider à identifier les points faibles et les domaines nécessitant plus d’attention dans la préparation à l\'examen.</li>\r\n<li>Poser des questions aux enseignants du BIA sur les notions d\'aéronautiques liées à l\'examen.</li>\r\n<li>Fournir aux candidats des contenus adaptés à sa progression d\'apprentissage. </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h4> </h4>\r\n<h4>Contenus des tests</h4>\r\n<p>Le tests couvrent les cours suivants qui sont évalués lors de l\'examen du BIA.</p>', 1, 1750695258),
(3, 1, 'BIA 2024 : la Patrouille de France félicite les lauréats et en 2025 c\'est à vous de jouer !', '<h3>BIA 2024 : la Patrouille de France félicite les lauréats et en 2025 c\'est à vous de passer l\'examen !</h3>\r\n<p><code>\r\n    <iframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/s3-R-CMc2yE?si=6NgScy-JSCKx8Eq0\" width=\"630\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay;\r\n    clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\"></iframe></code></p>\r\n<p></p>', 1, 1734510783),
(4, 7, 'Les sigles et leurs significations ADF Automatic D...', '<h4>Les sigles et leurs significations</h4>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ecf0f1; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Sigle</th>\r\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">English</th>\r\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Français</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n</thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;ADF&quot;}\">ADF</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Automatic Direction Finder&quot;}\">Automatic Direction Finder</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Radiocompas&quot;}\">Radiocompas</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;APU&quot;}\">APU</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Auxiliary Power Unit Groupe&quot;}\">Auxiliary Power Unit Groupe</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Auxiliaire de Puissance (GAP)&quot;}\">Auxiliaire de Puissance (GAP)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;ATC&quot;}\">ATC</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Air Traffic Control&quot;}\">Air Traffic Control</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;contrôle de la circulation aérienne&quot;}\">Contrôle de la circulation aérienne</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;BKN&quot;}\">BKN</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;BroKeN&quot;}\">BroKeN</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;fragmentés (5-7 octas)&quot;}\">Fragmentés (5-7 octas)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;CAT&quot;}\">CAT</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Clear Air Turbulence&quot;}\">Clear Air Turbulence</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;turbulence en ciel clair&quot;}\">Turbulence en ciel clair</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;CAVOK&quot;}\">CAVOK</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Ceiling And Visibility OK&quot;}\">Ceiling And Visibility OK</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;plafond et visibilité OK&quot;}\">Plafond et visibilité OK</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;CVR&quot;}\">CVR</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Cockpit Voice Recorder&quot;}\">Cockpit Voice Recorder</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;enregistreur de conversations de poste de pilotage&quot;}\">Enregistreur de conversations de poste de pilotage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;DZ&quot;}\">DZ</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Drizzle&quot;}\">Drizzle</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;bruine&quot;}\">Bruine</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;EGT&quot;}\">EGT</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Exhaust Gaz Temperature&quot;}\">Exhaust Gaz Temperature</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Contrôleur de température des gaz d’échappement&quot;}\">Contrôleur de température des gaz d’échappement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FCST&quot;}\">FCST</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;ForeCaST&quot;}\">ForeCaST</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;météo prévu (temps)&quot;}\">Météo prévu (temps)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 51px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FDR&quot;}\">FDR</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Flight Data Recorder (the black box)&quot;}\">Flight Data Recorder (the black box)</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Enregistreur des paramètres de vol (boîte noire)&quot;}\">Enregistreur des paramètres de vol (boîte noire)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FEW&quot;}\">FEW</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FEW&quot;}\">FEW</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;peu ou quelques (1 à 2 octas)&quot;}\">Peu ou quelques (1 à 2 octas)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FG&quot;}\">FG</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FoG&quot;}\">FoG</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;brouillard&quot;}\">Brouillard</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FM&quot;}\">FM</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FroM&quot;}\">FroM</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;à partir de&quot;}\">À partir de</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FZ&quot;}\">FZ</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;FreeZing&quot;}\">FreeZing</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;surfondu, se congelant&quot;}\">Surfondu, se congelant</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;GR&quot;}\">GR</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;hail&quot;}\">hail</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;GRêle&quot;}\">GRêle</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;HZ&quot;}\">HZ</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;HaZe&quot;}\">HaZe</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;brume sèche&quot;}\">Brume sèche</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;ILS&quot;}\">ILS</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Instrument Landing System&quot;}\">Instrument Landing System</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;système d\'atterrissage aux instruments&quot;}\">Système d\'atterrissage aux instruments</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;KT&quot;}\">KT</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;KnoT&quot;}\">KnoT</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;nœud&quot;}\">Nœud</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;LOC&quot;}\">LOC</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;LoCally&quot;}\">LoCally</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;localement&quot;}\">Localement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;LYR&quot;}\">LYR</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;LaYeR&quot;}\">LaYeR</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;en couches&quot;}\">En couches</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;METAR&quot;}\">METAR</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;METeorologicAl Report&quot;}\">METeorologicAl Report</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;message d\'observation régulière&quot;}\">Message d\'observation régulière</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 51px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;NOSIG&quot;}\">NOSIG</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;No significant change in next two hours&quot;}\">No significant change in next two hours</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Pas de changement significatif au cours des 2 heures à venir&quot;}\">Pas de changement significatif au cours des 2 heures à venir</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;NSC&quot;}\">NSC</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;No Significant Cloud&quot;}\">No Significant Cloud</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Pas de nuages (0 octa) (remplace SKC en 2010)&quot;}\">Pas de nuages (0 octa) (remplace SKC en 2010)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;OVC&quot;}\">OVC</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;OVerCast&quot;}\">OVerCast</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;couvert (bouché 8 octas)&quot;}\">Couvert (bouché 8 octas)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;PROB&quot;}\">PROB</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;PROBably&quot;}\">PROBably</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Probablement&quot;}\">Probablement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;RA&quot;}\">RA</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;RAin&quot;}\">RAin</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;pluie&quot;}\">Pluie</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;RPM&quot;}\">RPM</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Révolutions Per Minute&quot;}\">Révolutions Per Minute</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Tours par minutes&quot;}\">Tours par minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SCT&quot;}\">SCT</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SCaTtered&quot;}\">SCaTtered</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;épars (3-4 octas)&quot;}\">Épars (3-4 octas)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SH&quot;}\">SH</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SHower&quot;}\">SHower</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;averse&quot;}\">Averse</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SNSH&quot;}\">SNSH</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SNow SHower&quot;}\">SNow SHower</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;averse de neige&quot;}\">Averse de neige</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SIGMET&quot;}\">SIGMET</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SIGnifiant METeorology&quot;}\">SIGnifiant METeorology</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;phénomènes significatifs&quot;}\">Phénomènes significatifs</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SKC&quot;}\">SKC</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SKy Clear&quot;}\">SKy Clear</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;ciel clair (remplacé par NSC en 2010)&quot;}\">Ciel clair (remplacé par NSC en 2010)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SN&quot;}\">SN</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;SNow&quot;}\">SNow</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Neige&quot;}\">Neige</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;TAF&quot;}\">TAF</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Terminal Area Forecast&quot;}\">Terminal Area Forecast</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;bulletin de prévision d\'aérodrome&quot;}\">Bulletin de prévision d\'aérodrome</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;TEMPO&quot;}\">TEMPO</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Temporarily&quot;}\">Temporarily</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Temporairement&quot;}\">Temporairement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;TEMSI&quot;}\">TEMSI</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Temps Significatif&quot;}\">Temps Significatif</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Temps Significatif&quot;}\">Temps Significatif</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;TS&quot;}\">TS</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;ThunderStorm&quot;}\">ThunderStorm</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;orage&quot;}\">Orage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;UTC&quot;}\">UTC</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot; Universal Time Coordinated&quot;}\">Universal Time Coordinated</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;temps universel coordonné&quot;}\">Temps universel coordonné</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 9.35077%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;VALID&quot;}\">VALID</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 35.7558%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Validity&quot;}\">Validity</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.7965%; border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Validité&quot;}\">Validité</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 1, 1737556908),
(5, 7, 'Les métiers de l\'aéronautique en anglais', '<h4>Les métiers de l\'aéronautique en anglais</h4>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ecf0f1; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">English</th>\r\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Français</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n</thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Pilot&quot;}\">Pilot</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Pilote&quot;}\">Pilote</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Air Traffic Controller&quot;}\">Air Traffic Controller</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Contrôleur aérien&quot;}\">Contrôleur aérien</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aircraft Engineer&quot;}\">Aircraft Engineer</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Ingénieur aéronautique&quot;}\">Ingénieur aéronautique</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aircraft Technician&quot;}\">Aircraft Technician</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Technicien aéronautique&quot;}\">Technicien aéronautique</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aerospace Scientist&quot;}\">Aerospace Scientist</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Scientifique en aérospatiale&quot;}\">Scientifique en aérospatiale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Flight Attendant&quot;}\">Flight Attendant</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Agent de bord&quot;}\">Agent de bord</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Avionics Technician&quot;}\">Avionics Technician</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Technicien en avionique&quot;}\">Technicien en avionique</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aerospace Engineer&quot;}\">Aerospace Engineer</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Ingénieur aérospatial&quot;}\">Ingénieur aérospatial</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aircraft Dispatcher&quot;}\">Aircraft Dispatcher</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Dispatcheur aérien&quot;}\">Dispatcheur aérien</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Airport Manager&quot;}\">Airport Manager</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Gestionnaire d\'aéroport&quot;}\">Gestionnaire d\'aéroport</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aerospace Technician&quot;}\">Aerospace Technician</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Technicien en aérospatiale&quot;}\">Technicien en aérospatiale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aviation Maintenance&quot;}\">Aviation Maintenance</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Technician Technicien de maintenance aéronautique&quot;}\">Technician Technicien de maintenance aéronautique</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Avionics Engineer&quot;}\">Avionics Engineer</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Ingénieur en avionique&quot;}\">Ingénieur en avionique</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aviation Inspector&quot;}\">Aviation Inspector</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Inspecteur aéronautique&quot;}\">Inspecteur aéronautique</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aerospace Analyst&quot;}\">Aerospace Analyst</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Analyste en aérospatiale&quot;}\">Analyste en aérospatiale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aviation Safety Officer&quot;}\">Aviation Safety Officer</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Officier de sécurité aéronautique&quot;}\">Officier de sécurité aéronautique</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Airport Security Officer&quot;}\">Airport Security Officer</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Agent de sécurité aéroportuaire&quot;}\">Agent de sécurité aéroportuaire</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aircraft Sales Representative&quot;}\">Aircraft Sales Representative</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Représentant commercial d\'aéronefs&quot;}\">Représentant commercial d\'aéronefs</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Aerospace Lawyer&quot;}\">Aerospace Lawyer</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Avocat spécialisé en aérospatiale&quot;}\">Avocat spécialisé en aérospatiale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p></p>', 1, 1737556938),
(6, 7, 'Un avion de ligne', '<h4>Schémas légendés des appareils en anglais</h4>\r\n<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/NASA-Glenn-Airplane-Parts-Image-2.jpg\" alt=\"Airbus parties en anglais\" width=\"1168\" height=\"765\"></p>\r\n<h3>Explications traduites de certaines fonctions d’un avion</h3>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 551.6px; background-color: #ecf0f1; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto; border: 1px solid #000000;\" border=\"1\"><colgroup><col style=\"width: 50%;\"><col style=\"width: 50%;\"></colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27px;\">\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">\r\n<h3>Anglais</h3>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">\r\n<h3>Français</h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 524.6px;\">\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">\r\n<p>This schematic illustrates the components of an aircraft and their respective functions.Aircraft are transportation devices engineered to facilitate the movement of people and cargo between locations.They are available in a wide range of sizes and shapes, tailored to the specific requirements of each mission.The aircraft depicted here is a turbine-powered airliner, selected to exemplify the principles of aircraft design.</p>\r\n<h4>Wings</h4>\r\n<p>Wings play a crucial role in the flight of an aircraft by providing lift, enabling it to take off, fly, and land. The wings generate most of the lift to hold the plane in the air, and to generate lift, the airplane must be pushed through the air, with the air resisting this motion in the form of aerodynamic drag.Modern airliners use winglets on the tips of the wings to reduce this drag.The turbine engines, which are located beneath the wings, provide the thrust to overcome drag and push the airplane forward through the air. Smaller, low-speed airplanes use propellers for the propulsion system instead of turbine engines.</p>\r\n<h4>Vertical and Horizontal Stabilizers</h4>\r\n<p>To control and manoeuvre the aircraft, smaller wings are located at the tail of the plane.The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece, called the horizontal stabiliser, and a fixed vertical piece, called the vertical stabiliser.The job of the stabilisers is to provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The vertical stabiliser prevents the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side, a process known as yaw, while the horizontal stabiliser prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose, called pitch.In the Wright brothers\' first aircraft, the horizontal stabiliser was placed in front of the wings, a configuration known as a canard after the French word for \"duck\".</p>\r\n<p>At the rear of the wings and stabilisers are small movable sections attached to the fixed sections by hinges (see figure). Changing the rear portion of a wing will alter the amount of force that the wing produces, and the ability to modify forces gives us a means of controlling and manoeuvring the aeroplane. The hinged component of the vertical stabiliser is designated the rudder, which is utilised to deflect the tail in the left and right directions when viewed from the front of the fuselage.The hinged component of the horizontal stabiliser is referred to as the elevator, and its function is to deflect the tail in the upward and downward directions.The outboard hinged part of the wing is known as the aileron, which is employed to roll the wings from side to side. Most airliners can also be rolled from side to side using spoilers, which are small plates that disrupt the flow over the wing and change the amount of force by decreasing the lift when deployed.</p>\r\n<h4>Flaps and Spoilers</h4>\r\n<p>The wings feature additional hinged, rear sections, known as flaps, which are deployed downward during takeoff and landing to increase the wing\'s force production. On certain aircraft, the front part of the wing may also deflect. Slats are utilised during takeoff and landing to generate additional force, while spoilers are employed during landing to decelerate the aircraft and counteract the flaps when the plane is on the ground. Observing the wing shape changes during takeoff and landing is highly recommended for future reference.</p>\r\n<h4>Fuselage</h4>\r\n<p>The fuselage, also known as the body of the aircraft, is integral to the structural integrity of the aircraft. The cockpit, which houses the pilots, is located at the front of the fuselage, with passengers and cargo being carried in the rear. In some aircraft, the fuselage is used for fuel storage, while in others, the wings are utilised for this purpose.</p>\r\n<p></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">\r\n<p>Ce schéma illustre les composants d\'un avion et leurs fonctions respectives.Les avions sont des appareils de transport conçus pour faciliter le déplacement des personnes et des marchandises d\'un endroit à l\'autre.Ils sont disponibles dans une large gamme de tailles et de formes, adaptées aux exigences spécifiques de chaque mission.L\'avion représenté ici est un avion de ligne à turbine, choisi pour illustrer les principes de la conception des avions.</p>\r\n<h4>Les ailes</h4>\r\n<p>Les ailes jouent un rôle crucial dans le vol d\'un aéronef en assurant sa portance, ce qui lui permet de décoller, de voler et d\'atterrir. Les ailes génèrent la majeure partie de la portance nécessaire pour maintenir l\'avion en l\'air, et pour générer cette portance, l\'avion doit être poussé dans l\'air, l\'air s\'opposant à ce mouvement sous la forme d\'une traînée aérodynamique.Les avions de ligne modernes utilisent des winglets aux extrémités des ailes pour réduire cette traînée.Les moteurs à turbine, situés sous les ailes, fournissent la poussée nécessaire pour vaincre la traînée et pousser l\'avion vers l\'avant dans l\'air. Les avions plus petits et à faible vitesse utilisent des hélices pour le système de propulsion au lieu des moteurs à turbine.</p>\r\n<h4>Stabilisateurs verticaux et horizontaux</h4>\r\n<p>Pour contrôler et manœuvrer l\'avion, des ailes plus petites sont situées à la queue de l\'avion.La queue comporte généralement une pièce horizontale fixe, appelée stabilisateur horizontal, et une pièce verticale fixe, appelée stabilisateur vertical.Le rôle des stabilisateurs est d\'assurer la stabilité de l\'avion, de le maintenir en ligne droite. Le stabilisateur vertical empêche le nez de l\'avion de se balancer de l\'avant vers l\'arrière. </p>\r\n<p>À l\'arrière des ailes et des stabilisateurs se trouvent de petites sections mobiles attachées aux sections fixes par des charnières (voir figure). Le fait de modifier la partie arrière d\'une aile modifie la force produite par l\'aile, et la capacité de modifier les forces nous donne un moyen de contrôler et de manœuvrer l\'avion. L\'élément articulé du stabilisateur vertical est appelé gouvernail et sert à orienter la queue vers la gauche et vers la droite, vu de l\'avant du fuselage.L\'élément articulé du stabilisateur horizontal est appelé gouvernail de profondeur et sert à orienter la queue vers le haut et vers le bas.L\'élément articulé extérieur de l\'aile est appelé aileron et sert à faire rouler les ailes d\'un côté à l\'autre. La plupart des avions de ligne peuvent également être déplacés d\'un côté à l\'autre à l\'aide de spoilers, qui sont de petites plaques qui perturbent l\'écoulement sur l\'aile et modifient l\'intensité de la force en diminuant la portance lorsqu\'ils sont déployés.</p>\r\n<h4>Volets et spoilers</h4>\r\n<p>Les ailes comportent des parties arrière articulées supplémentaires, appelées volets, qui sont déployées vers le bas pendant le décollage et l\'atterrissage pour augmenter la production de force de l\'aile. Sur certains avions, la partie avant de l\'aile peut également se déformer. Les becs de bord d\'attaque sont utilisés au décollage et à l\'atterrissage pour générer une force supplémentaire, tandis que les spoilers sont utilisés à l\'atterrissage pour décélérer l\'avion et contrebalancer les volets lorsque l\'avion est au sol. Il est vivement recommandé d\'observer les changements de forme des ailes au décollage et à l\'atterrissage pour pouvoir s\'y référer ultérieurement.</p>\r\n<h4>Fuselage</h4>\r\n<p>Le fuselage, également appelé corps de l\'avion, fait partie intégrante de l\'intégrité structurelle de l\'avion. Le cockpit, qui abrite les pilotes, est situé à l\'avant du fuselage, tandis que les passagers et le fret sont transportés à l\'arrière. Dans certains avions, le fuselage sert à stocker le carburant, tandis que dans d\'autres, ce sont les ailes qui sont utilisées à cette fin.</p>\r\n<p></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<p><strong>Source <a href=\"https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/airplane-parts-function/\">Nasa</a></strong></p>', 1, 1737557061);
INSERT INTO `mdl_label` (`id`, `course`, `name`, `intro`, `introformat`, `timemodified`) VALUES
(7, 7, 'Liste du vocabulaire aéronautique exigible', '<h4>Liste du vocabulaire aéronautique exigible</h4>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ecf0f1; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">English</th>\r\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Français</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n</thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">a control</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commande (une)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight-control system</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">système de commandes de vol électrique</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aft</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">arrière (vers l\'arrière de l\'appareil)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aileron</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aileron</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">air cooling</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">refroidissement par air</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airbrakes</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aérofreins</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airbrakes lever</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commande d\'aérofreins</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airflow</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">écoulement de l’air (vent relatif)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airfoil</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">profil</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airport control tower</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tour de contrôle</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airspeed indicator</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">anémomètre ou Badin</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altimeter</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altimètre</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altitude</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altitude</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">approach</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">approche</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">automatic direction finder (ADF)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">radio compas</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bolt</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boulon</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">burner</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brûleur</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cabin (or cockpit)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cabine (ou habitacle)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">canard plane</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion canard (ou plan canard)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">canopy</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">verrière</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ceiling</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">plafond</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">clearance</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">autorisation (clairance)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cleared (for something)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">autorisé (pour une option)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cloud</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nuage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cockpit</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">habitacle</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">compass</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boussole ou compas</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">connecting rod</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bielle</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">constant speed propeller</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hélice à vitesse constante</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">contrails</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">traînée de condensation</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crankcase</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">carter</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crankshaft</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vilebrequin</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crew</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">équipage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crosswind</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent de travers</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cruising speed</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vitesse de croisière</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cylinder</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cylindre</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">device</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dispositif [système]</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">diffuser</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">diffuseur</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drag</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">traînée</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drift</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dérive (au sens d’écart entre cap et route)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drizzle</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bruine</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">elevator</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gouverne de profondeur</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">empennage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">empennage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">engine</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">moteur</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(duct) fan</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">soufflante (conduit de)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fixed gear</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) fixe</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flap</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volet (hypersustentateur)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flight controls</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commandes de vol</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flight data recorder</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">enregistreur de vol (données)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">float</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flotteurs</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flying boat</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hydravion à coque</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fog</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brouillard</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ft/min (feet/minute)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pieds par minute</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fuselage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fuselage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gear box</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boîte de vitesse (ou réducteur)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gust</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rafale</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">heading</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cap</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">headwind</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent de face (ou vent contraire)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">height</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hauteur</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">horizontal stabilizer</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">plan fixe horizontal</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ignition</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">allumage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inlet</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">orifice (ou entrée) d\'admission</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">instrument panel</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tableau de bord</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">jet aircraft</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à réaction</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">knot</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nœud</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">landing gear</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train d\'atterrissage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">layer</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">couche</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">leading edge</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bord d\'attaque</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lever</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">levier</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lift</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">portance</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">load factor</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">facteur de charge</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">magnetic road</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">route magnétique</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">main (landing) gear</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) principal</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">mist</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brume</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">motion</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">mouvement</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nez</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose wheel</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulette de nez</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose wheel aeroplane</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à train tricycle</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nozzle</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tuyère</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">part of an airplane</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">partie d\'un avion</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pitch</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tangage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">power plant</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bloc moteur (Groupe Moto Propulseur)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pressurized aircraft</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion pressurisé</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">propeller</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hélice</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">reactor, jet engine</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">réacteur</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">retractable gear</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train rentrant</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">reverser or thrust reverser</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inverseur de poussée</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rib</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nervure</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rivet</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rivet</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roll</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulis</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rotating light, beacon light, rotating beacon</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">feu tournant, feu anticollision, strobe</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rpm (round per minute)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tr/min (tour par minute)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rudder</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">palonnier(s) – (gouverne de direction)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rudder pedals (rudder bar)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(pédale ou commande de) palonniers</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">runway</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">piste (d\'aéroport)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">screw</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vis</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">seaplane</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hydravion à flotteurs</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<hr>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ecf0f1; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Français</th>\r\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Anglais</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n</thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aérofreins</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airbrakes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aileron</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aileron</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aile</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">wing</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ailette d’extrémité d’aile (ou penne)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">winglet</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">allumage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ignition</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altimètre</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altimeter</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altitude</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altitude</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">amortir</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to damp</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">anémomètre ou Badin</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airspeed indicator</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">approche</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">approach</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">arrière (vers l\'arrière de l\'appareil)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aft</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">atterrir</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to land</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">autorisation (clairance)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">clearance</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">autorisé (pour une option)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cleared (for something)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avertisseur de décrochage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">stall warning indicator, stick shaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à réaction</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">jet aircraft</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à train classique</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">taildragger, tail-dragger, tailwheel aircraft</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à train tricycle</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose wheel aeroplane (or airplane or aircraft) – [tricycle landing gear aeroplane (or airplane or aircraft)]</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion canard (ou plan canard)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">canard plane</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion pressurisé</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pressurized aircraft</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bec (de bord d\'attaque)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">slat (of the leading edge)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bielle</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">connecting rod</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bimoteur</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">twin-engine aircraft</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bloc moteur (Groupe Moto Propulseur)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">powerplant</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boîte de vitesse (ou réducteur)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gear box</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bord d\'attaque</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">leading edge</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bord de fuite</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">trailing edge</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bougie</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">spark plug</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boulon</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bolt</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boussole ou compas</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">compass</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brouillard</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fog</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bruine</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drizzle</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brûleur</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">burner</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brume</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">mist</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cabine (ou habitacle)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cabin (or cockpit)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cap</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">heading</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">carter</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crankcase</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cisaillement (de vent)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">windshear</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commande (une)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">a control</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commande d\'aérofreins</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airbrakes lever</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commandes de vol</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flight controls</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">compenser</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to trim</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">compte-tours</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tachometer</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">couche</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">layer</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cylindre</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cylinder</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">décoller</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to take off</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">déraper</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to skid</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dérive (au sens d’objet)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vertical fin [or tail]</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dérive (écart entre cap et route)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drift</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">diffuseur</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">diffuser</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dispositif [système]</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">device</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">écoulement de l’air (vent relatif)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airflow</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">empennage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">empennage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">enregistreur de vol (données)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flight data recorder</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">équipage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crew</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">essuie-glace</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">windshield (or windscreen) wiper</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">facteur de charge</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">load factor</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">feu tournant, feu anticollision, strobe</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rotating light, beacon light, rotating beacon</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flotteurs</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">float</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fuselage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fuselage</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">glisser</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to slip</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gouverne de profondeur</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">elevator</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">habitacle</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cockpit</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hauteur</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">height</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hélice</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">propeller</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hélice à vitesse constante</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">constant speed propeller</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hydravion à coque</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flying boat</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hydravion à flotteurs</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">seaplane</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">indicateur de virage (bille-aiguille)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">turn and slip indicator (turn coordinator)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Informer le contrôle aérien</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to advise ATC (Air Traffic Control)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inverser (la poussée)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to reverse (thrust)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inverseur de poussée</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">reverser or thrust reverser</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lacet</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">yaw</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">levier</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lever</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lisse [dans la structure de l\'aile]</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">stringer</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">longeron</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">spar</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">manche à air</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">wind sock, wind cone</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">manche à balai – [volant]</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">stick – control column – [control wheel]</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">moteur</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">engine</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">mouvement</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">motion</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nervure</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rib</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nez</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nœud</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">knot</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nuage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cloud</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">orifice (ou entrée) d\'admission</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inlet</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(pédale de) palonnier</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rudder pedal</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">palonnier(s) – gouverne de direction</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rudder</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pare-brise</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">windshield (or windscreen)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">partie d\'un avion</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">part of an airplane</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">patins ou skis</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">skids</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">phare de roulage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">taxi light</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pieds par minute</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ft/min (feet/minute)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pilote automatique</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">the autopilot, the automatic pilot (AP)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">piste (d\'aéroport)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">runway</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">plafond</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ceiling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">plan fixe horizontal</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">horizontal stabilizer</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">portance</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lift</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">poussée</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">thrust</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pousser sur le manche</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to push the stick forward</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">prendre un cap</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to set a heading</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">profil</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airfoil</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">propulser</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to propel</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">queue</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tail</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">radio compas</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">automatic direction finder (ADF)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rafale</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gust</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">réacteur</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">reactor, jet engine</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">refroidissement par air</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">air cooling</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">réservoir (d\'essence)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(fuel) tank</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">revêtement (d\'aile)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">skin</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rivet</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rivet</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulette de nez</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose wheel</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulette de queue</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tail wheel</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulis</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roll</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">route magnétique</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">magnetic road</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">s’aligner</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to line up</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">saumon [d\'aile]</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">wing tip</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">scruter le ciel</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to scan the sky</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">se déplacer (au sol)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to taxi</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">sortir le train</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to extend the gear</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">soufflante (conduit de)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(duct) fan</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">soupape (d\'admission, d\'échappement)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(intake, exhaust) valve</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">système de commandes de vol électrique</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight-control system</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tableau de bord</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">instrument panel</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tangage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pitch</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tôle ou feuille (d’aluminium)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(aluminium) sheet</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tour de contrôle</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airport control tower</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tr/min (tour par minute)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rpm (round per minute)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) fixe</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fixed gear</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) principal</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">main (landing) gear</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) tricycle</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tricycle landing gear</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train d\'atterrissage</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">landing gear (ou simplement gear) – [undercarriage]</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train rentrant</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">retractable gear</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">traînée</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drag</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">traînée de condensation</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">contrails</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">transpondeur</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">transponder</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tuyère</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nozzle</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">variomètre</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vertical speed indicator</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent arrière</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tailwind</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent de face (ou vent contraire)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">headwind</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent de travers</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crosswind</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">verrière</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">canopy</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vilebrequin</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crankshaft</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vis</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">screw</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vitesse de croisière</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cruising speed</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volant</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">wheel</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volet (hypersustentateur)</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flap</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volet compensateur</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">trim tab</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volet à fente</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">slotted wing flap (or slot flap)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 1, 1737557000),
(8, 7, 'Présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote', '<h4>Présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote</h4>\r\n<h4><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-12-08%20at%2016.45.05.jpeg\" alt=\"présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote\" width=\"1600\" height=\"896\"></h4>', 1, 1734418646),
(9, 8, 'Recréez les conditions d\'examen en vous testant sur l\'épreuve entière', '<p><strong>Recréez les conditions d\'examen en vous testant sur l\'épreuve entière dans les sections \"<a href=\"https://bia-facile.fr/course/section.php?id=78\">Examen blanc</a>\" et \"<a href=\"https://bia-facile.fr/course/section.php?id=40\">Tester vous avec les annales 2024</a>\"<br></strong></p>\r\n<p>Durée 2h30 pour les 5 épreuves officielles et 30 minutes pour l\'épreuve facultative d\'anglais.</p>', 1, 1743184146),
(10, 7, 'Présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote', '<h4>Présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote</h4>\n<h4><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-12-08%20at%2016.45.05.jpeg\" alt=\"présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote\" width=\"1600\" height=\"896\"></h4>', 1, 1734418646),
(11, 8, 'Bravo vous êtes prèt pour être pilote', '<h4>Présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote</h4>\r\n<h4><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-12-08%20at%2016.45.05.jpeg\" alt=\"présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote\" width=\"1600\" height=\"896\"></h4>', 1, 1734477003),
(12, 8, 'Les épreuves du BIA et les modalités d\'examens', '<h2>Les épreuves du BIA et les modalités d\'examens</h2>\r\n<p>Le BIA est ouvert aux candidats âgés de 13 ans au moins à la date où ils se présentent à l\'examen.</p>\r\n<p>Les cinq épreuves obligatoires (QCM) sont notées sur 20 : leur total est sur 100 points. La note moyenne exigée pour l\'ensemble des épreuves est de 50 points. Seuls les points supérieurs à la moyenne, obtenus à l\'épreuve facultative, sont pris en compte. La note « 0 » est éliminatoire pour toutes les épreuves <code>obligatoires.</code></p>\r\n<p>Durée totale des épreuves : 2 heures 30 et 30 minutes de plus pour l\'épreuve en anglais.</p>\r\n<h2 class=\"title\">Inscription au BIA</h2>\r\n<p>Les inscriptions se dérouleront <strong>du <span style=\"line-height: 100%;\">mercredi 29 janvier au mercredi 12 mars 2025</span></strong> sur <a href=\"https://cyclades.education.gouv.fr/cyccandidat/portal/login\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">l\'application Cyclades.</a></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Les candidats scolaires s\'inscrivent via leur établissement scolaire.</li>\r\n<li>Les candidats individuels s’inscrivent directement <a href=\"https://cyclades.education.gouv.fr/cyccandidat/portal/login\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sur Cyclades</a> (à partir du 29 janvier 2025)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Pour cela, il faut au préalable créer son compte candidat sur Cyclades, puis se connecter à partir du 29 janvier 2025.<br>Aucune inscription ne sera acceptée après la date limite.</p>\r\n<p>Retour des confirmations d’inscription : le <span style=\"line-height: 100%;\">mercredi 19 mars 2025</span></p>\r\n<h2 class=\"title\">Calendrier du BIA</h2>\r\n<p>Une session d\'examen est organisée le <span style=\"line-height: 100%;\"><strong>mercredi 4 juin 2025 à 14h.</strong></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>épreuve obligatoire - coefficient 5 - de 14h00 à 16h30.</li>\r\n<li>épreuve facultative d’anglais de 16h30 à 17h00. Seuls les points excédant 10/20 sont pris en compte.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>NOUVEAUTÉ - \"Candidats individuels\" et \"établissements d\'origine des candidats scolaires\" devront télécharger et imprimer les convocations sur leur espace Cyclades. Ils recevront une alerte automatique sur messagerie.</p>\r\n<h2 class=\"title\">Résultats au BIA</h2>\r\n<p><a title=\"Les résultats aux examens\" href=\"https://www.ac-rennes.fr/les-resultats-aux-examens-123086\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Retrouvez la page des résultats</a></p>', 1, 1735906618),
(13, 5, 'Présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote', '<p>Le parcours pour devenir pilote varie en fonction des objectifs de chacun, que ce soit pour voler en tant que passionné ou en tant que professionnel. Les cursus incluent la formation pour obtenir une <strong>licence de pilote privé</strong> (PPL), une <strong>licence de pilote commercial</strong> (CPL), ou une <strong>licence de pilote de ligne</strong> (ATPL). Les formations peuvent être dispensées dans des écoles spécialisées, des aéroclubs ou des programmes intégrés. Pour ceux qui veulent servir dans l\'aviation militaire, des programmes dédiés sont également disponibles. Quel que soit le chemin choisi, devenir pilote nécessite un engagement important en termes de temps, d’efforts et de ressources financières, mais c’est une carrière passionnante pour ceux qui souhaitent explorer le ciel.</p>\r\n<h3>Les différents cursus pour devenir pilote</h3>\r\n<p>Devenir pilote est un rêve pour de nombreuses personnes passionnées par l\'aviation. Que ce soit pour voler à titre professionnel ou pour un simple hobby, plusieurs cursus sont disponibles en fonction de l\'objectif, du type de pilotage souhaité et du niveau d\'engagement. Voici un aperçu des principales voies pour devenir pilote, qu\'il s\'agisse de pilote privé, pilote de ligne ou pilote d\'avion militaire.</p>\r\n<h4><strong>Devenir pilote privé (PPL)</strong></h4>\r\n<p>La <strong>licence de pilote privé</strong> (PPL - Private Pilot License) est la première étape pour toute personne désireuse de piloter des avions de manière non professionnelle. Elle permet de voler seul ou avec des passagers, mais uniquement à des fins privées, sans rémunération.</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Conditions d\'admission</strong> : Il n\'est généralement pas nécessaire d\'avoir une formation préalable, mais il faut avoir au moins 17 ans, être en bonne santé (test médical de classe 2), et avoir une certaine aptitude physique et mentale.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Durée de la formation</strong> : En moyenne, la formation pour obtenir un PPL prend environ 45 heures de vol avec un instructeur, bien que cela puisse varier en fonction de la progression de l\'élève.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Contenu de la formation</strong> : La formation comprend des heures de vol pratiques et un enseignement théorique sur les principes de vol, la réglementation aérienne, la navigation, la météorologie, et la gestion des situations d\'urgence.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Coût</strong> : Environ 8 000 à 15 000 euros, selon les écoles et la durée des formations.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h4><strong>Devenir pilote de ligne (CPL)</strong></h4>\r\n<p>La <strong>licence de pilote de ligne</strong> (CPL - Commercial Pilot License) est l\'étape suivante pour ceux qui souhaitent en faire une carrière professionnelle, notamment comme pilote de ligne ou dans d\'autres secteurs commerciaux de l\'aviation.</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Conditions d\'admission</strong> : Un diplôme d\'études secondaires est souvent requis, ainsi qu’une bonne maîtrise de l\'anglais (qui est la langue internationale de l’aviation). Un examen médical de classe 1 est également nécessaire pour garantir une bonne condition physique et mentale.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Durée de la formation</strong> : La formation pour obtenir un CPL dure en moyenne entre 18 et 24 mois, avec un total de 200 à 250 heures de vol.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Contenu de la formation</strong> : En plus des compétences de vol de base, la formation inclut des modules plus avancés sur la gestion de la sécurité, la gestion du cockpit, la navigation avancée, et les procédures d\'atterrissage et de décollage dans diverses conditions. Les pilotes suivent également une formation théorique rigoureuse.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Coût</strong> : La formation complète coûte généralement entre 50 000 et 100 000 euros.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h4><strong>La formation en école de pilotage</strong></h4>\r\n<p>Il existe de nombreuses écoles privées et des <strong>aéroclubs</strong> qui proposent des formations pour devenir pilote, qu\'elles soient privées ou commerciales. Certaines écoles offrent des <strong>programmes intégrés</strong> qui permettent d\'obtenir une <strong>formation complète</strong>, de la PPL à la CPL, voire à la <strong>ATPL</strong> (Airline Transport Pilot License), la licence nécessaire pour devenir pilote de ligne. Ces écoles offrent un parcours tout-en-un qui inclut la formation théorique et pratique, avec une structure qui suit les règles de l’<strong>Agence européenne de la sécurité aérienne (EASA)</strong> ou de la <strong>Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)</strong> aux États-Unis.</p>\r\n<h4><strong>Devenir pilote de ligne avec un programme intégré</strong></h4>\r\n<p>Les <strong>programmes intégrés</strong> sont des formations intensives qui permettent aux étudiants d’obtenir la <strong>licence de pilote de ligne (ATPL)</strong> directement après leurs études. Ces cursus sont destinés aux personnes qui souhaitent devenir pilote de ligne et qui n\'ont pas encore d\'expérience préalable en aviation.</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Conditions d’admission</strong> : Il faut souvent avoir un baccalauréat ou un diplôme équivalent, de préférence dans une discipline scientifique, ainsi qu’une certaine aptitude physique et des connaissances en mathématiques et en physique.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Durée de la formation</strong> : Un programme intégré dure généralement entre 18 et 24 mois.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Coût</strong> : La formation dans une école intégrée peut coûter entre 80 000 et 150 000 euros, selon l\'école choisie et les équipements fournis. Les formations peuvent inclure un financement, mais elles sont souvent coûteuses.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Objectif</strong> : L\'objectif est de former des pilotes prêts à entrer directement dans des compagnies aériennes après l’obtention de la licence ATPL.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h4><strong>Devenir pilote militaire</strong></h4>\r\n<p>Pour ceux qui souhaitent servir dans l\'armée de l\'air, devenir <strong>pilote militaire</strong> est une autre voie. La formation diffère selon le pays, mais en général, elle nécessite une sélection rigoureuse et une formation poussée.</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Conditions d’admission</strong> : Il faut être citoyen du pays, avoir un excellent niveau académique, passer des tests physiques et psychologiques stricts, et être accepté dans une académie militaire.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Durée de la formation</strong> : La durée de la formation est généralement plus longue, avec plusieurs années d’entraînement à la fois académique, physique et pratique.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Contenu de la formation</strong> : La formation inclut des compétences en vol militaire, ainsi que des connaissances spécifiques en matière de tactiques, de gestion des situations de combat et d’entretien des appareils.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Coût</strong> : Cette formation est généralement financée par l\'État, car elle fait partie du service militaire.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h4>Présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote professionnel</h4>\r\n<h4><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/WhatsApp%20Image%202024-12-08%20at%2016.45.05.jpeg\" alt=\"présentation des différents cursus pour devenir pilote\" width=\"1600\" height=\"896\"></h4>', 1, 1745522490),
(14, 8, 'Les conditions de la réussité à l\'examen', '<p>Vous devez obtenir au moins 50 % de réponses correctes sur l\'ensemble des QCM suivants. Les résultats et les réponses seront fournis immédiatement après la validation des questionnaires.</p>', 1, 1735906748),
(15, 8, 'BIA 2024 : la Patrouille de France félicite les lauréats et en 2025 c\'est à vous de jouer !', '<h3>BIA 2024 : la Patrouille de France félicite les lauréats et en 2025 c\'est à vous de passer l\'examen !</h3>\r\n<p><code>\r\n    <iframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/s3-R-CMc2yE?si=6NgScy-JSCKx8Eq0\" width=\"630\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay;\r\n    clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\"></iframe></code></p>', 1, 1734598044);
INSERT INTO `mdl_label` (`id`, `course`, `name`, `intro`, `introformat`, `timemodified`) VALUES
(16, 7, 'Lexique des termes météorologiques', '<h3>Lexique des termes météorologiques</h3>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; background-color: #ecf0f1; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 54.4601%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\"><colgroup width=\"194\"></colgroup> <colgroup width=\"171\"></colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Anglais&quot;}\"><strong>Anglais</strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Français&quot;}\"><strong>Français</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Cold Front...boundary between&quot;}\">Cold Front...boundary between</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Front froid... frontière entre&quot;}\">Front froid... frontière entre</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Dense Fog&quot;}\">Dense Fog</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Brouillard dense&quot;}\">Brouillard dense</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Freezing Rain&quot;}\">Freezing Rain</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Pluie verglaçante&quot;}\">Pluie verglaçante</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Heavy Rain&quot;}\">Heavy Rain</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Pluie forte&quot;}\">Pluie forte</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Moderate Rain&quot;}\">Moderate Rain</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Pluie modérée&quot;}\">Pluie modérée</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Moderate Snow&quot;}\">Moderate Snow</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Neige modérée&quot;}\">Neige modérée</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Rain&quot;}\">Rain</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Pluie&quot;}\">Pluie</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Rain Showers&quot;}\">Rain Showers</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Averses de pluie&quot;}\">Averses de pluie</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Rain, Snow, &amp; Fog&quot;}\">Rain, Snow, &amp; Fog</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Pluie, neige et brouillard&quot;}\">Pluie, neige et brouillard</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Snow and Fog&quot;}\">Snow and Fog</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Neige et brouillard&quot;}\">Neige et brouillard</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Thunderstorms&quot;}\">Thunderstorms</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Orages&quot;}\">Orages</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Thunderstorms with Hail&quot;}\">Thunderstorms with Hail</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Orages avec grêle&quot;}\">Orages avec grêle</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 53.1507%;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Warm Front...&quot;}\">Warm Front...</td>\r\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px; width: 46.8493%;\" align=\"left\" data-sheets-value=\"{ &quot;1&quot;: 2, &quot;2&quot;: &quot;Front chaud...&quot;}\">Front chaud...</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 1, 1735123947),
(17, 2, 'Les principes du vol', '<h1>Concepts aéronautiques</h1>\r\n<p>Le vol d\'un avion repose sur des principes aérodynamiques fondamentaux, qui exploitent les lois de la mécanique des fluides.</p>\r\n<p>Un avion en vol est soumis à quatre forces principales :</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Portance (Lift - Rz)</strong> : C’est la force qui s’oppose au poids de l’avion et lui permet de rester en l’air. Elle est générée par les ailes grâce à leur profil aérodynamique.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Poids (Weight - mg)</strong> : Force gravitationnelle agissant vers le centre de la Terre.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Poussée (Thrust - T)</strong> : Force produite par les moteurs (turbines, hélices, etc.), permettant de compenser la traînée et d\'avancer.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Traînée (Drag - Rx)</strong> : Résistance aérodynamique opposée au mouvement de l’avion dans l’air.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<p>Voici une explication technique détaillée :</p>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>1. Les forces en jeu selon les phases de vol :</h2>\r\n<h4> </h4>\r\n<h4><strong>En vol horizontal (palier)</strong> :</h4>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%20du%202024-12-28%2008-27-53.png\" alt=\"Les quatre forces sur un avion\" width=\"502\" height=\"294\"></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>La <strong>portance</strong> équilibre la composante principale du poids.</li>\r\n<li>La <strong>traction</strong> équilibre la somme de la traînée et de la petite composante du poids.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h4> </h4>\r\n<h4><strong>En montée</strong> :</h4>\r\n<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%20du%202024-12-28%2008-31-24.png\" alt=\"Les forces en montée\" width=\"403\" height=\"275\"></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>La <strong>portance</strong> équilibre la grande composante du poids.</li>\r\n<li>La <strong>traction</strong> doit compenser la traînée et la petite composante du poids. Elle doit donc être <strong>plus importante</strong> qu’en vol horizontal.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h4> </h4>\r\n<h4><strong>En descente</strong> :</h4>\r\n<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%20du%202024-12-28%2008-31-32.png\" alt=\"Les forces en descente\" width=\"403\" height=\"275\"></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>La <strong>portance</strong> équilibre la composante principale du poids.</li>\r\n<li>La somme de la <strong>traction</strong> et de la petite composante du poids équilibre la traînée.<br>Par conséquent, la <strong>traction</strong> doit être <strong>moins importante</strong> qu’en vol horizontal.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>2. Le principe de la portance</h2>\r\n<p>La portance est principalement expliquée par deux théories complémentaires :</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Effet Bernoulli</strong> : Le profil asymétrique de l’aile génère une différence de vitesse entre l’air passant au-dessus et en dessous de l’aile. Selon l’équation de Bernoulli, une augmentation de la vitesse de l’air entraîne une diminution de la pression. Ainsi, une pression plus faible sur le dessus de l’aile génère une force ascendante.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Loi de la Troisième Action de Newton</strong> : L’aile dévie une partie de l’air vers le bas. En réaction, une force ascendante agit sur l’aile.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<p><strong>Équation de portance :</strong></p>\r\n<p>\\[ L = \\frac{1}{2} \\rho v^2 S C_L \\]</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\\(L\\) : Portance (N)</li>\r\n<li>\\(\\rho\\) : Densité de l’air (\\(\\text{kg/m}^3\\))</li>\r\n<li>\\(v\\) : Vitesse de l’air relatif (\\(\\text{m/s}\\))</li>\r\n<li>\\(S\\) : Surface alaire (\\(\\text{m}^2\\))</li>\r\n<li>\\(C_L\\) : Coefficient de portance (dépendant de l’angle d’attaque et du profil de l’aile)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>3. Le contrôle du vol</h2>\r\n<p>Un avion est contrôlé grâce à des surfaces mobiles permettant de modifier les forces aérodynamiques :</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Gouverne de profondeur</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le tangage (montée/descente).</li>\r\n<li><strong>Ailerons</strong> (aux extrémités des ailes) : Contrôlent le roulis (inclinaison latérale).</li>\r\n<li><strong>Gouverne de direction</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le lacet (direction gauche/droite).</li>\r\n<li><strong>Volets</strong> (le long des ailes) : Augmentent la portance ou la traînée pour faciliter le décollage et l’atterrissage.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"@@PLUGINFILE@@/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%20du%202024-12-28%2023-46-12.png\" alt=\"Les différents axes dans un avion\" width=\"610\" height=\"392\"></p>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>4. La propulsion</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Turbopropulseurs</strong> : Moteurs équipés d’une hélice, efficaces pour des vitesses modérées.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Turboréacteurs</strong> : Utilisent des turbines pour comprimer l’air, le mélanger au carburant, et expulser les gaz à haute vitesse, générant une poussée.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Turbofans</strong> : Combinaison d’un réacteur et d’un ventilateur pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique à des vitesses élevées.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<p><strong>Équation de poussée :</strong></p>\r\n<p>\\[ F = \\dot{m} \\cdot v_e - \\dot{m} \\cdot v_0 \\]</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\\(F\\) : Poussée (N)</li>\r\n<li>\\(\\dot{m}\\) : Débit massique de l’air (\\(\\text{kg/s}\\))</li>\r\n<li>\\(v_e\\) : Vitesse d’éjection (\\(\\text{m/s}\\))</li>\r\n<li>\\(v_0\\) : Vitesse d’entrée (\\(\\text{m/s}\\))</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>5. Stabilité et performances</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Centre de gravité (CG)</strong> : Doit être bien positionné pour garantir la stabilité longitudinale.</li>\r\n<li><strong>Centre de poussée (CP)</strong> : Point où la portance est appliquée. Sa position par rapport au CG influence l’équilibre de l’avion.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>6. Altitude et atmosphère</h2>\r\n<p>À haute altitude, la densité de l’air (\\(\\rho\\)) diminue, réduisant la portance et la traînée. Les moteurs doivent compenser cette baisse en maintenant une poussée suffisante.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Variation de la densité avec l’altitude (modèle standard de l’atmosphère) :</strong></p>\r\n<p>\\[ \\rho = \\rho_0 \\cdot \\left( 1 - \\frac{h}{44330} \\right)^{4.256} \\]</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\\(\\rho_0\\) : Densité au niveau de la mer (\\(1.225 \\, \\text{kg/m}^3\\))</li>\r\n<li>\\(h\\) : Altitude (\\(\\text{m}\\))</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<hr>\r\n<p>Ce concept s’applique à des avions subsoniques standards. Pour les vols supersoniques, des phénomènes comme les ondes de choc et la compressibilité de l’air entrent en jeu, nécessitant une analyse plus complexe.</p>', 1, 1736854849);
INSERT INTO `mdl_label` (`id`, `course`, `name`, `intro`, `introformat`, `timemodified`) VALUES
(18, 2, 'Version 4.0 Edition 2021 MANUEL DU BREVET D’INITIA...', '<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Sommaire</h4>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark0\">Chapitre 1 : Étude des aéronefs et des engins spatiaux 1</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark1\">Partie 1 : La Classification des aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark1\">3</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l2\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark2\">Les familles d’aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark2\">3</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l3\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark3\">Les Aérostats </a><a href=\"#bookmark3\">3</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark4\">Les Aérodynes </a><a href=\"#bookmark4\">4</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark5\">La Composition générale des aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark5\">7</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark6\">Les véhicules aérospatiaux ou spatiaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark6\">8</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l4\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark7\">Les lanceurs </a><a href=\"#bookmark7\">8</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark8\">Les satellites </a><a href=\"#bookmark8\">9</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark9\">Partie 2 : Les Cellules </a><a href=\"#bookmark9\">11</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l5\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark10\">La Structure d’une cellule </a><a href=\"#bookmark10\">11</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l6\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark11\">Les Forces et les contraintes s’exerçant sur un avion </a><a href=\"#bookmark11\">11</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark12\">Les matériaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark12\">12</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark13\">La structure du fuselage </a><a href=\"#bookmark13\">14</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark14\">Structure de la voilure </a><a href=\"#bookmark14\">16</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark15\">La voilure </a><a href=\"#bookmark15\">16</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l7\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 124pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark16\">Emplanture </a><a href=\"#bookmark16\">17</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark17\">Géométrie </a><a href=\"#bookmark17\">17</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"file://localhost/C:/Users/Rapha%C3%83%C2%ABl/Downloads/wetransfer-f2ed43/BIA%20-%202021%20-%20VF.docx%23_Toc76670362\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">. Géométrie </a><a href=\"file://localhost/C:/Users/Rapha%C3%83%C2%ABl/Downloads/wetransfer-f2ed43/BIA%20-%202021%20-%20VF.docx%23_Toc76670362\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">17</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark18\">Caractéristiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark18\">19</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark19\">Le Dièdre </a><a href=\"#bookmark19\">19</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark20\">Empennages et gouvernes </a><a href=\"#bookmark20\">20</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l8\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark21\">L’empennage </a><a href=\"#bookmark21\">20</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark22\">La gouverne de profondeur </a><a href=\"#bookmark22\">22</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark23\">Les ailerons </a><a href=\"#bookmark23\">22</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark24\">La gouverne de direction </a><a href=\"#bookmark24\">22</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark25\">Le train d’atterrissage </a><a href=\"#bookmark25\">23</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark26\">Partie 3 : Les Groupes Motopropulseurs (G.M.P.) </a><a href=\"#bookmark26\">26</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l9\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark27\">L’Hélice </a><a href=\"#bookmark27\">26</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l10\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark28\">La Composition </a><a href=\"#bookmark28\">26</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark29\">Le Fonctionnement </a><a href=\"#bookmark29\">27</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark30\">Les différents types d’hélices </a><a href=\"#bookmark30\">28</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark31\">Les moteurs à pistons </a><a href=\"#bookmark31\">28</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l11\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark32\">La Composition </a><a href=\"#bookmark32\">28</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark33\">Le fonctionnement d’un moteur thermique </a><a href=\"#bookmark33\">29</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark34\">L’Alimentation en carburant </a><a href=\"#bookmark34\">30</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark35\">L’Elaboration du mélange air-essence </a><a href=\"#bookmark35\">30</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark36\">L’Allumage </a><a href=\"#bookmark36\">31</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark37\">Les turboréacteurs </a><a href=\"#bookmark37\">31</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l12\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark38\">Le principe de fonctionnement </a><a href=\"#bookmark38\">31</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark39\">Le Principe du Réacteur à simple flux </a><a href=\"#bookmark39\">32</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark40\">Le Turboréacteur à double flux </a><a href=\"#bookmark40\">32</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark41\">Les autres turbomachines </a><a href=\"#bookmark41\">33</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l13\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark42\">Le Turbopropulseur </a><a href=\"#bookmark42\">33</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark43\">Le Turbomoteur </a><a href=\"#bookmark43\">34</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark44\">Le Statoréacteur </a><a href=\"#bookmark44\">35</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark45\">Partie 4 : Les Instruments de bord </a><a href=\"#bookmark45\">36</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l14\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark46\">Les instruments barométriques </a><a href=\"#bookmark46\">37</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l15\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark47\">L’Anémomètre (Airspeed Indicator) ou Badin </a><a href=\"#bookmark47\">37</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark48\">L’Altimètre (Altimeter) </a><a href=\"#bookmark48\">38</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark49\">Le Variomètre (Vertical Speed Indicator) </a><a href=\"#bookmark49\">39</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark50\">Les instruments gyroscopiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark50\">41</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l16\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark51\">L’indicateur de virage (Turn and Slip Indicator) </a><a href=\"#bookmark51\">41</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark52\">La Bille </a><a href=\"#bookmark52\">42</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark53\">L’horizon artificiel (Artificial Horizon ou Attitude Indicator) </a><a href=\"#bookmark53\">43</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark54\">Le conservateur de cap ou directionnel (Heading Indicator ou Directional Gyro Indicator DGI) </a><a href=\"#bookmark54\">44</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark55\">Le compas (Magnetic Compass) (Instrument non gyroscopique) </a><a href=\"#bookmark55\">45</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark56\">Les autres instruments </a><a href=\"#bookmark56\">46</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l17\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark57\">Les instruments de radionavigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark57\">46</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark58\">Les instruments de contrôle </a><a href=\"#bookmark58\">46</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark59\">Les EFIS (Electronic Flight Information Systems) </a><a href=\"#bookmark59\">46</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark60\">Complément : English vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark60\">47</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l18\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark61\">Aircraft types </a><a href=\"#bookmark61\">47</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark62\">Aircraft composition and structure </a><a href=\"#bookmark62\">49</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark63\">Landing gear ; Wheel Layouts </a><a href=\"#bookmark63\">50</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark64\">Wings and controls </a><a href=\"#bookmark64\">51</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark65\">Wings angle </a><a href=\"#bookmark65\">52</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark66\">Wings shapes </a><a href=\"#bookmark66\">53</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark67\">Tails designs </a><a href=\"#bookmark67\">54</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"V.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark68\">Engines </a><a href=\"#bookmark68\">56</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark69\">Chapitre 2 : Aérodynamique, aérostatique et principes du vol 61</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark70\">Partie 1 : Aérodynamique </a><a href=\"#bookmark70\">63</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l19\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark71\">Comment vole un avion ? </a><a href=\"#bookmark71\">63</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l20\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark72\">Les Caractéristiques d’un profil d’aile </a><a href=\"#bookmark72\">63</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark73\">L’écoulement de l’air autour du profil </a><a href=\"#bookmark73\">63</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark74\">L’angle d’incidence </a><a href=\"#bookmark74\">64</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark75\">Les forces aérodynamiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark75\">65</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark76\">Portance et trainée </a><a href=\"#bookmark76\">65</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"F.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark77\">Foyer </a><a href=\"#bookmark77\">67</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"G.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark78\">Exemples de profil </a><a href=\"#bookmark78\">67</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark79\">Etude de la polaire </a><a href=\"#bookmark79\">69</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l21\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark80\">Etude du coefficient de portance </a><a href=\"#bookmark80\">69</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark81\">Le décrochage </a><a href=\"#bookmark81\">69</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark82\">Etude du coefficient de trainée </a><a href=\"#bookmark82\">70</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark83\">La polaire d’une aile </a><a href=\"#bookmark83\">73</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark84\">La finesse </a><a href=\"#bookmark84\">74</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark85\">Caractéristiques d’une voilure </a><a href=\"#bookmark85\">75</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l22\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark86\">Caractéristiques géométriques </a><a href=\"#bookmark86\">75</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark87\">Becs et volets </a><a href=\"#bookmark87\">77</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark88\">Autres dispositifs </a><a href=\"#bookmark88\">79</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark89\">Partie 2 : Etude du vol stabilisé </a><a href=\"#bookmark89\">81</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l23\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark90\">Les forces en jeu </a><a href=\"#bookmark90\">81</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l24\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark91\">En palier </a><a href=\"#bookmark91\">82</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark92\">En montée </a><a href=\"#bookmark92\">82</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark93\">En descente </a><a href=\"#bookmark93\">82</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark94\">Tangage-Roulis-Lacet </a><a href=\"#bookmark94\">83</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l25\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark95\">L’Axe de Tangage </a><a href=\"#bookmark95\">83</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark96\">L’Axe de Roulis </a><a href=\"#bookmark96\">88</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 128pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark97\">L’axe de Lacet </a><a href=\"#bookmark97\">90</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark98\">Le Facteur de charge </a><a href=\"#bookmark98\">92</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l26\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark99\">En vol longitudinal </a><a href=\"#bookmark99\">92</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark100\">En virage symétrique </a><a href=\"#bookmark100\">93</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark101\">Facteur de charge et vitesse de décrochage </a><a href=\"#bookmark101\">93</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark102\">Le décollage et l’atterrissage </a><a href=\"#bookmark102\">94</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l27\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark103\">Le décollage </a><a href=\"#bookmark103\">94</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark104\">L’atterrissage </a><a href=\"#bookmark104\">95</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark105\">Partie 3 : Aérostation et vol spatial </a><a href=\"#bookmark105\">96</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l28\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark106\">L’aérostation </a><a href=\"#bookmark106\">96</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l29\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark107\">La poussée d’Archimède </a><a href=\"#bookmark107\">96</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark108\">Les ballons à air chaud </a><a href=\"#bookmark108\">97</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark109\">Les ballons à gaz </a><a href=\"#bookmark109\">97</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark110\">Contrôle de la trajectoire </a><a href=\"#bookmark110\">97</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 110pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark111\">Le vol spatial </a><a href=\"#bookmark111\">98</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l30\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark112\">Trajectoire de lancement et mise en orbite </a><a href=\"#bookmark112\">98</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark113\">Vol orbital et spatial </a><a href=\"#bookmark113\">100</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark114\">Complément : English vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark114\">101</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l31\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 106pt; text-indent: -8pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark115\">Aerodynamics </a><a href=\"#bookmark115\">101</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 110pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark116\">Mechanics of flight </a><a href=\"#bookmark116\">102</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark117\">Chapitre 3 : Météorolgie et aérologie 105</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark118\">Partie 1 : Température, pression et vent </a><a href=\"#bookmark118\">107</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l32\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 106pt; text-indent: -8pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark119\">L’atmosphère </a><a href=\"#bookmark119\">107</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l33\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark120\">Qu’est-ce que l’atmosphère ? </a><a href=\"#bookmark120\">107</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark121\">La Composition de l’atmosphère </a><a href=\"#bookmark121\">108</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark122\">L’atmosphère « standard » ou de référence </a><a href=\"#bookmark122\">108</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark123\">La température et les échanges thermiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark123\">109</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l34\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark124\">La température </a><a href=\"#bookmark124\">109</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark125\">Variations de température </a><a href=\"#bookmark125\">109</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark126\">Echanges thermiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark126\">110</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark127\">La pression et le vent </a><a href=\"#bookmark127\">111</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l35\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark128\">La Pression de l’atmosphère </a><a href=\"#bookmark128\">111</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark129\">La Mesure de la pression atmosphérique </a><a href=\"#bookmark129\">112</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark130\">Les Champs de pression </a><a href=\"#bookmark130\">112</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark131\">Les Calages altimétriques </a><a href=\"#bookmark131\">114</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark132\">La Mesure, la direction et l’observation du vent </a><a href=\"#bookmark132\">115</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark133\">Les perturbations et les fronts </a><a href=\"#bookmark133\">117</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l36\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark134\">La circulation atmosphérique </a><a href=\"#bookmark134\">117</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark135\">Les Masses d’air </a><a href=\"#bookmark135\">118</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark136\">Les fronts </a><a href=\"#bookmark136\">119</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark137\">Partie 2 : Nuages et précipitations </a><a href=\"#bookmark137\">120</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l37\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark138\">L’eau dans l’atmosphère </a><a href=\"#bookmark138\">120</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l38\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark139\">Humidité </a><a href=\"#bookmark139\">120</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark140\">Autres phénomènes </a><a href=\"#bookmark140\">121</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark141\">La Trainée de condensation </a><a href=\"#bookmark141\">122</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark142\">Formation des nuages </a><a href=\"#bookmark142\">122</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l39\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark143\">Cas de la stabilité </a><a href=\"#bookmark143\">124</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark144\">Cas de l’instabilité </a><a href=\"#bookmark144\">125</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark145\">Classification des nuages </a><a href=\"#bookmark145\">125</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l40\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark146\">Noms des nuages </a><a href=\"#bookmark146\">126</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark147\">Les nuages associés aux fronts </a><a href=\"#bookmark147\">127</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark148\">Les précipitations </a><a href=\"#bookmark148\">127</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l41\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark149\">La formation des précipitations </a><a href=\"#bookmark149\">127</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark150\">La classification des précipitations </a><a href=\"#bookmark150\">128</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark151\">Partie 3 : Les phénomènes dangereux pour l’aéronautique </a><a href=\"#bookmark151\">130</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l42\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark152\">Brumes et brouillards </a><a href=\"#bookmark152\">130</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l43\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark153\">La Brume </a><a href=\"#bookmark153\">130</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark154\">La Brume sèche </a><a href=\"#bookmark154\">130</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark155\">Le Brouillard </a><a href=\"#bookmark155\">130</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark156\">Le givrage </a><a href=\"#bookmark156\">131</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l44\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark157\">Catégories de givrage </a><a href=\"#bookmark157\">131</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark158\">La Prévention / l’Elimination </a><a href=\"#bookmark158\">133</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark159\">Les cumulonimbus </a><a href=\"#bookmark159\">134</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark160\">Les phénomènes météorologiques locaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark160\">135</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l45\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark161\">L’effet de Foehn </a><a href=\"#bookmark161\">135</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark162\">La Brise </a><a href=\"#bookmark162\">136</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark163\">Les ondes orographiques et la turbulence </a><a href=\"#bookmark163\">137</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark164\">Le Jet-stream ou Courant Jet </a><a href=\"#bookmark164\">138</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark165\">Les vents locaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark165\">139</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark166\">Partie 4 : L’information météorologique </a><a href=\"#bookmark166\">140</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l46\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark167\">Les cartes </a><a href=\"#bookmark167\">140</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l47\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark168\">Carte TEMSI- (TEMps SIgnificatif) </a><a href=\"#bookmark168\">140</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark169\">La Carte des vents et des températures prévues </a><a href=\"#bookmark169\">142</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark170\">Les messages </a><a href=\"#bookmark170\">143</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l48\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark171\">METAR : (METeorological Aerodrome Report ou METeorological Airport Report) </a><a href=\"#bookmark171\">143</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark172\">Le TAF (Terminal Area Forecast) </a><a href=\"#bookmark172\">145</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark173\">Le dossier météo </a><a href=\"#bookmark173\">145</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark174\">English vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark174\">147</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 97pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark175\">Weather Vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark175\">147</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 97pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark176\">Weather map and wind strength </a><a href=\"#bookmark176\">150</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark177\">Chapitre 4 : Navigation, réglementation, sécurité des vols 151</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark178\">Partie 1 : Réglementation et sécurité </a><a href=\"#bookmark178\">153</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l49\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark179\">Organismes chargés de la Réglementation </a><a href=\"#bookmark179\">153</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark180\">Licences et Brevets </a><a href=\"#bookmark180\">154</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark181\">Certification, équipement et entretien des aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark181\">156</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l50\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark182\">Certification et immatriculation </a><a href=\"#bookmark182\">156</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark183\">Signalisation des aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark183\">158</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark184\">Autres équipements et sécurités </a><a href=\"#bookmark184\">159</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark185\">Facteurs humains et accidents </a><a href=\"#bookmark185\">160</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l51\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark186\">Les règles de bon sens de la réglementation aérienne </a><a href=\"#bookmark186\">160</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark187\">Les effets de l’altitude </a><a href=\"#bookmark187\">161</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark188\">Les effets des accélérations </a><a href=\"#bookmark188\">162</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark189\">Partie 2 : Circulation aérienne </a><a href=\"#bookmark189\">163</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l52\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark190\">Les zones aéronautiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark190\">163</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l53\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark191\">VFR (Visual Flight Rules) ou « Vol à vue » </a><a href=\"#bookmark191\">163</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark192\">Rappel sur les niveaux de vol </a><a href=\"#bookmark192\">164</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark193\">Les espaces contrôlés </a><a href=\"#bookmark193\">165</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark194\">Les services de la circulation aérienne </a><a href=\"#bookmark194\">168</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark195\">Les Moyens de contrôle de la circulation aérienne </a><a href=\"#bookmark195\">169</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark196\">L’Aérodrome </a><a href=\"#bookmark196\">171</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l54\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark197\">Aérodrome contrôlé / non contrôlé </a><a href=\"#bookmark197\">171</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark198\">Les installations </a><a href=\"#bookmark198\">171</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark199\">Règles de vol </a><a href=\"#bookmark199\">173</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l55\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark200\">Règles de priorité </a><a href=\"#bookmark200\">173</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark201\">Le Circuit d’aérodrome </a><a href=\"#bookmark201\">174</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark202\">Communication en cas de panne radio </a><a href=\"#bookmark202\">174</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark203\">Hauteurs de survol </a><a href=\"#bookmark203\">175</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark204\">Partie 3 : Principes et outils de la Navigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark204\">177</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l56\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark205\">La mesure du temps </a><a href=\"#bookmark205\">177</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l57\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark206\">Le Mouvement de la Terre autour du Soleil </a><a href=\"#bookmark206\">177</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark207\">Se repérer sur la Terre </a><a href=\"#bookmark207\">178</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l58\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark208\">Les parallèles </a><a href=\"#bookmark208\">179</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark209\">Les méridiens </a><a href=\"#bookmark209\">180</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark210\">Les Cartes </a><a href=\"#bookmark210\">180</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark211\">Déclinaison et dérive </a><a href=\"#bookmark211\">185</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l59\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark212\">La déclinaison </a><a href=\"#bookmark212\">185</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark213\">Cap, route et dérive </a><a href=\"#bookmark213\">186</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark214\">Méthodes de navigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark214\">187</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l60\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark215\">Le cheminement à vue </a><a href=\"#bookmark215\">187</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark216\">L’estime </a><a href=\"#bookmark216\">188</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark217\">La radionavigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark217\">188</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark218\">Partie 4 : Préparer son vol </a><a href=\"#bookmark218\">192</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l61\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark219\">Préparation de la navigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark219\">192</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l62\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark220\">La Carte VAC </a><a href=\"#bookmark220\">192</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark221\">Mesure de distance </a><a href=\"#bookmark221\">193</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark222\">Estimation des vitesses sol </a><a href=\"#bookmark222\">195</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark223\">Log de Navigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark223\">197</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark224\">Calcul du carburant </a><a href=\"#bookmark224\">198</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark225\">Avant le départ </a><a href=\"#bookmark225\">198</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l63\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark226\">Les NOTAM (Notice To AirMen) </a><a href=\"#bookmark226\">198</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark227\">Les cartes météo </a><a href=\"#bookmark227\">198</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 120pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark228\">Le Plan de vol </a><a href=\"#bookmark228\">200</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -13pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark229\">Les documents à emporter </a><a href=\"#bookmark229\">200</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark230\">English vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark230\">202</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark231\">Chapitre 5 : Histoire et culture de l’aéronautique et du spatial</a><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark231\"> </a><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark231\">206</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark232\">Partie 1 : Les débuts </a><a href=\"#bookmark232\">208</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l64\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark233\">Du mythe à la réalité </a><a href=\"#bookmark233\">208</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark234\">Les aérostats </a><a href=\"#bookmark234\">210</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l65\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark235\">Les ballons </a><a href=\"#bookmark235\">210</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark236\">Les ballons dirigeables </a><a href=\"#bookmark236\">211</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark237\">Les pionniers de l’aviation (1890-1907) </a><a href=\"#bookmark237\">213</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark238\">Les premiers records (1908-1913) </a><a href=\"#bookmark238\">217</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark239\">Partie 2 : D’une guerre à l’autre </a><a href=\"#bookmark239\">221</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l66\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark240\">La Première Guerre Mondiale (1914-1918) </a><a href=\"#bookmark240\">221</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l67\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark241\">Les missions aériennes </a><a href=\"#bookmark241\">222</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark242\">Les principaux évènements </a><a href=\"#bookmark242\">223</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark243\">Les As de la Première Guerre Mondiale </a><a href=\"#bookmark243\">225</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark244\">Le bilan </a><a href=\"#bookmark244\">226</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark245\">L’Entre-Deux-Guerres (1919-1939) </a><a href=\"#bookmark245\">227</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l68\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark246\">Les grands Raids </a><a href=\"#bookmark246\">227</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark247\">L’Aéropostale </a><a href=\"#bookmark247\">232</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark248\">Les débuts de l’aviation commerciale </a><a href=\"#bookmark248\">235</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark249\">La Deuxième Guerre Mondiale (1939-1945) </a><a href=\"#bookmark249\">237</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l69\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark250\">L’avant-guerre </a><a href=\"#bookmark250\">237</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark251\">Les principaux évènements </a><a href=\"#bookmark251\">239</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark252\">Les As </a><a href=\"#bookmark252\">242</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark253\">Le bilan </a><a href=\"#bookmark253\">243</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark254\">Partie 3 : De 1945 à nos jours </a><a href=\"#bookmark254\">246</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l70\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark255\">Le « mur » du son </a><a href=\"#bookmark255\">246</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark256\">L’aviation militaire </a><a href=\"#bookmark256\">247</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark257\">L’aviation commerciale </a><a href=\"#bookmark257\">249</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark258\">Les hélicoptères et les avions expérimentaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark258\">253</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l71\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark259\">Les hélicoptères </a><a href=\"#bookmark259\">253</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark260\">Les avions expérimentaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark260\">253</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark261\">Partie 4 : La conquête de l’espace </a><a href=\"#bookmark261\">256</a></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l72\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark262\">Les précurseurs </a><a href=\"#bookmark262\">256</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark263\">De Spoutnik à Apollo (1957-1972) </a><a href=\"#bookmark263\">257</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark264\">De Skylab à l’ISS (1973- aujourd’hui) </a><a href=\"#bookmark264\">259</a></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark265\">Pour s’entrainer </a><a href=\"#bookmark265\">262</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s3\" style=\"padding-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark0\"></a>‌Chapitre 1 :</p>\r\n<p class=\"s3\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">ETUDE DES AERONEFS ET DES ENGINS SPATIAUX</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_005.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"588\" height=\"391\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Ce chapitre est divisé en 4 parties :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 1 : Les Familles d’aéronefs</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 2 : Les Cellules</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 3 : Les GMP</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 4 : Les Instruments de bord</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Complément : English vocabulary</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s15\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Contenu du Chapitre :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 1 : La Classification des Aéronefs</h3>\r\n<ol id=\"l73\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Les familles d’aéronefs</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Composition d’un avion</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 122pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\">Les véhicules aérospatiaux</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 18pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 2 : Les Cellules</h3>\r\n<ol id=\"l74\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 112pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">La structure d’une cellule</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">La voilure</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">IV. Empennages et gouvernes</p>\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">IV. Le train d\'atterrissage</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 3 : Les groupes motopropulseurs (GMP)</h3>\r\n<ol id=\"l75\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 112pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">L\'hélice</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">Les moteurs à pistons</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -20pt; text-align: left;\">Les turboréacteurs</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -20pt; text-align: left;\">Les autres turbomachines</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 4 : Les Instruments de bord</h3>\r\n<ol id=\"l76\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 112pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">Les instruments barométriques</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">Les instruments gyroscopiques</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -20pt; text-align: left;\">Les autres instruments</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Complément : English vocabulary</h3>\r\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark1\"></a>‌Partie 1 : La Classification des aéronefs</h1>\r\n<ol id=\"l77\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 18pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark2\"></a>‌Les familles d’aéronefs</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">On classe les aéronefs (tout ce qui circule dans l’espace aérien) en deux grandes catégories :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l78\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: left;\">les Aérostats <span class=\"p\">(« plus léger que l’air »)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">les Aérodynes <span class=\"p\">(« plus lourd que l’air »)</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l79\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark3\"></a>‌Les Aérostats</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_006.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"608\" height=\"568\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 17pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ballons</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 125pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Ballon Captif</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Le Ballon à air chaud</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 76pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">2. <u>Les Dirigeables</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 348pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">A structure Souple ou Rigide</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Ballon à gaz (Hélium)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark4\"></a>‌Les Aérodynes</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l80\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\r\n<p class=\"s20\" style=\"padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les Non Motorisés</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_007.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"662\" height=\"536\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Modèle Réduit</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 376pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Cerf-Volant</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Parachute</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Deltaplane</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_008.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"671\" height=\"256\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Deltaplane</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Parapente</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Planeur / Planeur Ultra Léger (PUL) <span class=\"s21\">Le Parachute</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\r\n<p class=\"s20\" style=\"padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: right;\">Les Motorisés</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_009.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"382\" height=\"222\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 85pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Modèle Réduit</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l81\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"a.\">\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: right;\">A voilure fixe</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_010.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"762\" height=\"302\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La Classe 1 : Paramoteur</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La Classe 2 : Pendulaire</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La Classe 3 : Multi-axes</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s23\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Les Ultra légers motorisés (ULM) – 6 CLASSES</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_011.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"750\" height=\"179\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s24\" style=\"padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">A cela se rajoute :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 56pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La Classe 4 : Autogire</p>\r\n<p class=\"s25\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 61pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(voir page suivantes)</p>\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">La Classe 5 : Aérostat</p>\r\n<p class=\"s25\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 82pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: center;\">(voir pages précédentes)</p>\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: center;\">La Classe 6 : Hélicoptère ULM</p>\r\n<p class=\"s25\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">(voir pages suivantes)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La masse maximale d’un ULM est de 300 kg (monoplace) ou 450 kg (biplace). La puissance est limitée à 45 kW (monoplace) ou 60 kW (biplace).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_012.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’Autogyre</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_013.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"783\" height=\"277\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s23\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Avions</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’Avion à Hélice</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’Avion à Réaction</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_014.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"351\" height=\"254\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’Hélicoptère</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"b.\">\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 148pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">A voilure tournante (giravions)<span class=\"s26\">:</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"s27\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 52pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_015.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"265\" height=\"176\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_016.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"293\" height=\"198\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Convertible ou Hybride</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Girodyne</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark5\"></a>‌La Composition générale des aéronefs</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 43pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_017.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"663\" height=\"750\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figures 2.1. et 2.2.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark6\"></a>‌Les véhicules aérospatiaux ou spatiaux</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_018.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"245\" height=\"390\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;\">Les véhicules aérospatiaux sont les lanceurs, fusées et vaisseaux habités. Les véhicules spatiaux sont les satellites et les sondes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l82\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark7\"></a>‌Les lanceurs</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.3.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_019.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"592\" height=\"362\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.4.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark8\"></a>‌Les satellites</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_020.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"566\" height=\"363\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.5.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_021.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"539\" height=\"48\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">L’exploration spatiale est extrêmement bénéfique pour la science et l’humanité ; toutefois, <strong>elle génère des quantités très importantes de débris </strong>qui orbitent ensuite autour de notre planète et entrent en collision entre eux, ce qui génère encore d’avantage de débris.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 513pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Figure 2.6.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_022.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"357\" height=\"214\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">L’ESA (European Space Agency) a répertorié environ <strong>26 000 objets dans l’espace, dont seulement 7% sont en activité</strong>. De plus, les plus petits débris de moins de 5 cm – qui ne peuvent être observés depuis la Terre du fait de leur petite taille – sont estimés à <strong>500 000</strong>. Pourtant, ces si petits débris peuvent causer <strong>d’importants dégâts </strong>sur les satellites et stations spatiales en fonctionnement. En guise d’exemple, on retiendra que <strong>l’ISS, la station spatiale internationale, a dû</strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">altérer sa trajectoire à trois reprises en 2020 afin d’éviter des collisions <span class=\"p\">: ce sont des manœuvres complexes et coûteuses pour des satellites de cette taille.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Mais alors, comment remédier à ces enjeux ? Compte tenu du fait que des centaines de satellites sont envoyés chaque année en orbite, des projets visant à nettoyer l’espace commencent à voir le jour. C’est le cas de <strong>la mission ClearSpace-1</strong>, dont le lancement est prévu en 2025 par l’ESA et ClearSpace. L’engin aura pour mission de récupérer à l’aide de ses bras tentaculaires un débris de <strong>112 kg </strong>– provenant du lancement d’une fusée en 2013 – et de le guider <strong>pour qu’ils se fassent tous deux désintégrer en entrant dans l’atmosphère</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 199pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_023.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"482\" height=\"5\"></p>\r\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark9\"></a>‌Partie 2 : Les Cellules</h1>\r\n<ol id=\"l83\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 18pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark10\"></a>‌La Structure d’une cellule</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l84\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark11\"></a>‌Les Forces et les contraintes s’exerçant sur un avion</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les principales forces agissant sur un aéronef sont :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l85\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">le poids de l’appareil</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">la portance et la traînée sur les ailes</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">les efforts aérodynamiques sur les gouvernes</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">la poussée ou la traction des moteurs</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 164%; text-align: left;\">Ces forces provoquent des contraintes dans les différentes parties d’un système. On distingue principalement les contraintes suivantes :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 101pt; line-height: 89%; text-align: left;\"><strong>Exemples </strong>: les câbles, les bielles des commandes de vol, les éléments de <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_024.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"126\" height=\"39\"> structure, le revêtement de l\'aile, les boulons, les pales de l\'hélice, les</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 165pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;\">tubes et les fixations du bâti moteur…</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 55pt; text-indent: 105pt; line-height: 86%; text-align: left;\"><strong>Exemples </strong>: les bielles du moteur, les commandes de vol, les éléments de <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_025.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"128\" height=\"39\"> structure du fuselage et de l\'aile, les tubes du bâti moteur…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_026.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"130\" height=\"65\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s12\" style=\"padding-left: 168pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Exemples <span class=\"s28\">: le revêtement du fuselage, les fixations, les charnières, les boulons, les éléments encastrés comme les nervures ou les pales de l\'hélice près du moyeu.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_027.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"107\" height=\"84\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s12\" style=\"padding-left: 170pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Exemples <span class=\"s28\">: les longerons, les nervures, les jambes de train</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 170pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">d\'atterrissage, les guignols, le pied de manche, les pales d\'hélice…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_028.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"116\" height=\"80\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s12\" style=\"padding-left: 169pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Exemples <span class=\"s28\">: les axes de palonniers, le train d\'atterrissage à lame lors du freinage et les éléments de structure comme le fuselage, les ailes, les ailerons, l\'empennage…</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.7.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark12\"></a>‌Les matériaux</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l86\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Bois</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Principalement utilisé dans les débuts de l’aviation, le bois reste encore utilisé dans l’aviation « légère ».</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les variétés de bois sont choisies en fonction de leurs caractéristiques :</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Pièces maîtresses</u> <span class=\"p\">: On utilise du bois dur provenant principalement de :</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_029.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"102\" height=\"140\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 146pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spruce <span class=\"p\">(Canada / Norvège)</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 146pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Léger (densité de 0,45)</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 146pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tronc très droit et sans nœud <span class=\"s30\">Souple et bonne tenue à la compression</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Epicéa <span class=\"p\">(Europe)</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_030.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"93\" height=\"139\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tronc long avec peu de nœuds</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Pièces secondaires</u> <span class=\"p\">: On utilise du bois tendre et léger provenant principalement de :</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_031.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"115\" height=\"152\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Sapin <span class=\"p\">(Amérique du nord / Europe / Asie)</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Densité de 0,50</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Facile à raboter et à coller</p>\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pin d’Orégon <span class=\"s31\">ou </span>Douglas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_032.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"99\" height=\"149\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(Canada / USA)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Excellentes qualités mécaniques</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u><strong>Patins et fixation de trains </strong></u>: On utilise du bois provenant principalement de :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_033.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"104\" height=\"151\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_034.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"118\" height=\"141\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Frêne <span class=\"p\">(Europe)</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Plus lourd (0,69)</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Bonne élasticité et possibilité de réaliser des formes courbes.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Hêtre <span class=\"p\">(Amérique du nord / Europe / Asie)</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Bois dur aux bonnes caractéristiques mécaniques. Ne se fissure pas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Toiles</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_035.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"287\" height=\"191\"></p>\r\n<ul id=\"l87\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Dans les débuts : Lin et cotons</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Aujourd’hui : Dacron</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 89pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_036.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"262\" height=\"162\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 118%; text-align: left;\">Si le bois et la toile permettent de construire des avions qui peuvent atteindre des vitesses de 300 km/h, l’utilisation du métal va rendre les avions plus solides et plus rapides.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3)\">\r\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Métaux</p>\r\n<p class=\"s32\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 117%; text-align: justify;\">Le matériau utilisé à la base est un alliage d’aluminium et de cuivre appelé <strong>duralumin</strong>. D’autres alliages comme le <strong>Zicral</strong>, le <strong>Duralinox</strong>, des alliages de <span class=\"s4\">Magnésium</span><span class=\"p\">, de </span><span class=\"s4\">Titane</span><span class=\"p\">, … vont rapidement entrer dans la fabrication des avions.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 172pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_037.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"352\" height=\"179\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 132pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le premier avion en métal est un avion allemand, le <u>Junkers J9</u> en 1918.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"4)\">\r\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Composites</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Apparus dans les années 60, les matériaux composites (fibres de verre, aramides, de carbone, de bore,…) sont de plus en plus utilisés sur les avions pour leur faible masse volumique, leur capacité à réaliser des pièces de formes les plus diverses et leurs excellentes caractéristiques mécaniques.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark13\"></a>‌La structure du fuselage</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l88\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Treillis</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Il s’agit de « longerons » assemblés entre eux par des « traverses » pour donner la forme souhaitée.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s32\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Elles peuvent être collées si elles sont en bois ou alors soudées pour les parties métalliques.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_038.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"389\" height=\"220\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Le revêtement est souple (toile ou tôle mince). Cette structure est légère mais encombrante.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 390pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Vickers Wellington</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Caisson semi-monocoque</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Il s’agit de « cadres » (ou couples) assemblés entre eux par des « lisses » pour donner la forme souhaitée.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les cadres absorbent les efforts de torsion, les lisses ceux de flexion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 157pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_039.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"450\" height=\"259\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.9. Structure Bois</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 125pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_040.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"376\" height=\"299\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.10. Structure Métal</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3)\">\r\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Caisson monocoque</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Le revêtement (fibre de verre ou de carbone) est directement vissé ou riveté sur les cadres et donc participe à la transmission et l’absorption des efforts. Utilisé pour les planeurs et ULM.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 215pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_041.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.11.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark14\"></a>‌Structure de la voilure</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_042.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"263\" height=\"135\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l89\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Treillis (pour les nervures)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Plutôt utilisés pour les avions en bois et toiles</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Caisson</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_043.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"533\" height=\"368\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Les longerons reprennent les efforts de flexion et les nervures les efforts de torsion. Le carburant contribue à la rigidité de l’aile.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figures 2.12 et 2.13.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark15\"></a>‌La voilure</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’ensemble de la voilure est constitué de deux ailes qui sont ancrées sur le fuselage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Celles-ci sont conçues pour résister aux efforts que peuvent générer les différentes forces appliquées à l’aéronef, aussi bien en vol qu’au sol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_044.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"742\" height=\"466\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">En fonction de leurs ancrages sur le fuselage, les ailes peuvent être :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Hautes »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Médianes »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Basses »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l90\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark16\"></a>‌Emplanture</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_045.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"614\" height=\"254\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Trapézoïdales</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Droites »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 90pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark17\"></a>‌Géométrie</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_046.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"646\" height=\"228\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Delta »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « En Flèche »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_047.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"694\" height=\"270\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Elliptiques »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Biplan »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_048.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"302\" height=\"89\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 65pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Celle-ci permettra à l’avion d’être plus ou moins stable ou plus ou moins maniable</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 361pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_049.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"151\" height=\"88\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s35\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Maniabilité - <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_050.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"420\" height=\"8\"><span class=\"s14\"> Maniabilité +</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Stabilité + <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_051.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"420\" height=\"8\"><span class=\"s36\"> Stabilité -</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.14.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark18\"></a>‌Caractéristiques</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 178pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_052.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"337\" height=\"340\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.15.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ul id=\"l91\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’Emplanture : <span class=\"p\">Partie qui assure la jonction avec le fuselage</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le Karman : <span class=\"p\">Partie améliorant l’écoulement de l’air à l’emplanture</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le Saumon <span class=\"p\">: Partie se trouvant en bout d’aile</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’Extrados <span class=\"p\">: Partie supérieure de l’aile</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’Intrados <span class=\"p\">: Partie inférieure de l’aile</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le Bord d’Attaque <span class=\"p\">: Partie avant de l’aile</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le Bord de Fuite <span class=\"p\">: Partie arrière de l’aile</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_053.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"314\" height=\"176\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark19\"></a>‌Le Dièdre</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Positif</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_054.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"315\" height=\"195\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 403pt; text-indent: -43pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Le saumon est plus haut que l’emplanture</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 182pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Négatif</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 85pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le saumon est plus bas que l’emplanture</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark20\"></a>‌Empennages et gouvernes</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l92\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark21\"></a>‌L’empennage</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 111%; text-align: left;\">Sa fonction principale est de supporter deux des trois ensembles de gouvernes de l’avion.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 111pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Empennage Vertical</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Il se trouve à l’arrière du fuselage et se compose d’un plan fixe (dérive) et de la gouverne de direction (mobile).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 111pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Empennage Horizontal</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Il se trouve aussi à l’arrière du fuselage et est généralement posé sur l’empennage vertical.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 27pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_055.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"288\" height=\"223\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.16.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s7\" style=\"padding-left: 111pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les principaux types d’empennages :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_056.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"304\" height=\"446\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Em</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 414pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le plus répandu :</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 424pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 424pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Classique »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 424pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 419pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Cruciforme »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_057.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"316\" height=\"459\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 165%; text-align: left;\">On trouve des empennages horizontaux à l’avant de l’avion On parle alors de configuration <strong>« canard »</strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage « en T »</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 47pt; text-indent: -30pt; line-height: 164%; text-align: left;\">Empennages en V (Papillon)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 169pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_058.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"346\" height=\"230\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark22\"></a>‌La gouverne de profondeur</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_059.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"204\" height=\"213\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Une gouverne est une surface mobile située sur des éléments de structure (voilure, empennage), qui permet de créer les forces nécessaires pour modifier l’attitude de l’avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Située sur l’empennage horizontal, elle permet de contrôler la montée ou la descente de l’avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">C’est <strong>le tangage </strong>(modification de l’assiette).</p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 491pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.17.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark23\"></a>‌Les ailerons</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Situés à l’extrémité de chaque aile, ils permettent de contrôler la mise en virage modifiant légèrement la géométrie des ailes de l’avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">C’est <strong>le roulis </strong>(gauchissement de l’aile).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_060.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"221\" height=\"222\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark24\"></a>‌La gouverne de direction</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_061.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"203\" height=\"226\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 80pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.18.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 118%; text-align: justify;\">Située sur l’empennage vertical, elle permet le contrôle du virage en agissant sur la gouverne de direction grâce aux palonniers.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">C’est <strong>le lacet </strong>(Manœuvre des palonniers)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.19.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 71pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: center;\">Au sol, les palonniers permettent au pilote de guider l’appareil. Comme nous l’avons vu précédemment, le haut des palonniers d’actionner les freins lors du roulage sur la piste.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_062.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"293\" height=\"204\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 65pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Récapitulatif<u> :</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.20.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">La transmission des manœuvres des pilotes aux commandes se fait soit de façon mécanique (câbles, poulies, …) soit de façon électrique (Airbus, Rafale,…).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Les <strong>compensateurs </strong>permettent de réduire les efforts pour le pilote. On distingue le compensateur de régime (Trim) et le compensateur d’évolution (Tab).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 196pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_063.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"295\" height=\"119\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.21.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_064.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"234\" height=\"167\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark25\"></a>‌Le train d’atterrissage :</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Il permet à l’avion de quitter et de retrouver le sol « en douceur ». Il est « fixe » ou « rentrant ». Celui- ci peut être constitué de roues, de flotteurs, de skis ou de patins.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Il se compose:</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l93\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">d’un train principal : sous les ailes pour les avions légers et sous le fuselage pour un gros porteur</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">d’un train auxiliaire qui peut être :</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 135pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_065.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"23\" height=\"20\">Une roulette de nez (<strong>train tricycle</strong>)</p>\r\n<p class=\"s37\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 135pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_066.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"17\" height=\"16\"> <span class=\"s38\">Une roulette de queue (</span><span class=\"s4\">train classique</span><span class=\"p\">)</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 179pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_067.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"312\" height=\"219\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.22.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Dans les deux cas, la roulette est commandée par les palonniers et permet de diriger l’avion au sol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Certains avions n’ont qu’un train principal situé sous le fuselage (<strong>train monotrace</strong>). L’équilibre latéral peut être assuré par des balancines en bout d’ailes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s37\" style=\"padding-left: 71pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_068.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"271\" height=\"179\"> <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_069.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"274\" height=\"179\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 21pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">En fonction de la charge que l’avion doit supporter on utilisera :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_070.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"263\" height=\"351\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_071.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"179\" height=\"269\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 202pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Une Roue Simple</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_072.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"285\" height=\"190\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Un Diabolo</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 165pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Un Boggie</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Le train possède, en général, des dispositifs amortisseurs pour absorber l’impact à l’atterrissage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Les freins sont disposés sur le train principal et se commandent le plus souvent avec les palonniers (haut du palonnier).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s37\" style=\"padding-left: 41pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_073.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"215\" height=\"242\"> <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_074.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"219\" height=\"140\"> <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_075.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"253\" height=\"210\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figures 2.23. 2.24. et 2.25.</p>\r\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark26\"></a>‌Partie 3 : Les Groupes Motopropulseurs (G.M.P.)</h1>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l94\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark27\"></a>‌L’Hélice</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">C’est un dispositif qui permet de<u> transformer l’énergie mécanique</u>, fournie par le moteur, <u>en force tractive ou propulsive</u> utilisé par l’avion pour se déplacer.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l95\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark28\"></a>‌La Composition</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’hélice se compose de :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 44pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_076.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"239\" height=\"288\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.26.</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l96\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 20pt; text-indent: -7pt; text-align: left;\">D’un moyeu centré sur l’arbre de sortie du moteur</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 20pt; text-indent: -7pt; text-align: left;\">De deux ou plusieurs pales</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s40\" style=\"padding-left: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\"><span class=\"p\"> La distance parcourue par l’hélice le long de son axe de rotation en un tour est appelé </span><span class=\"s4\">Pas.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\"><span class=\"s40\"></span> L’angle formé par la corde de profil de l’hélice et le plan dans lequel tourne la pale est appelé <strong>Calage </strong>(<strong>β</strong>).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 118%; text-align: left;\">Le Calage est un <u>Angle</u> Le Pas est une <u>Distance</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_077.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"307\" height=\"200\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le vent relatif <strong>Vr </strong>est issu :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l97\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">du déplacement de l’avion (vitesse avion)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">de la rotation de l’hélice (vitesse de rotation)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 455pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.27.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">La vitesse de rotation est limitée par la vitesse en bout de pale, qui ne doit pas être sonique (perte d’efficacité, bruit).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark29\"></a>‌Le Fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Le fonctionnement d’une hélice est le même que celui de l’aile d’un avion. Les forces aérodynamiques sur les pâles sont à l’origine de la traction et du couple résistant de l’hélice.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 209pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_078.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"277\" height=\"266\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.28.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">La présence de l’hélice génère également des effets secondaires sur les axes de tangage, roulis et lacet.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_079.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"544\" height=\"251\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.29.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark30\"></a>‌Les différents types d’hélices</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_080.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"304\" height=\"413\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Il en existe deux types :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l98\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 68pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’hélice à calage fixe</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: -14pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Cette hélice est surtout équipée sur les aéronefs de tourisme. Elle est, en général, en bois multicouche avec un bord d’attaque renforcé par une lame en laiton ou en alliage d’aluminium (plus lourde).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: -14pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Ce type d’hélice à l’inconvénient de ne pas permettre d’adapter la vitesse en fonction des phases du vol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 68pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’hélice à calage variable (ou pas variable)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: -14pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Le pilote peut alors, grâce à un mécanisme, changer le calage des pales pour que la vitesse de rotation de l’hélice (donc du moteur) reste constante.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 50pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Petit pas <span class=\"p\">: décollage, atterrissage</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 50pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Grand pas <span class=\"p\">: croisière</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark31\"></a>‌Les moteurs à pistons</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 147pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.30.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l99\">\r\n<ol id=\"l100\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark32\"></a>‌La Composition</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 15pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’ensemble est composé de :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_081.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"375\" height=\"259\"></p>\r\n<ul id=\"l101\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 97pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\"><strong>De plusieurs cylindres (4 à 8) </strong>très souvent munis <strong>d’ailettes </strong>pour le refroidissement (assuré par l’air) et dont la partie supérieure est fermée par <strong>une culasse </strong>et la base inférieure par <strong>un carter.</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 2.31.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 97pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\"><strong>La culasse </strong>est dotée de dispositifs appelés <strong>soupapes </strong>qui permettent l’admission des gaz frais et l’échappement des gaz de combustion, et d’un dispositif créant l’inflammation du mélange carburant/air : <strong>les bougies</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_082.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"715\" height=\"396\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 286pt; text-indent: 1pt; line-height: 106%; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s41\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">Moteur d\'avion</span> <span class=\"s41\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">léger à 4</span> <span class=\"s41\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">cylindres</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s43\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\"> </span><span class=\"s44\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\"></span><span class=\"s45\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\"> </span><span class=\"s46\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">Avant</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 93pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s46\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">Arrière </span><span class=\"s44\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\"></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l102\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\r\n<p class=\"s47\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">démarreur</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">magnétos</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">boîte de distribution</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"4.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">clapet de pression d\'huile</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"5.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">plaque d\'identification</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"6.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">bougies supérieures (cylindres droits)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"7.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">fils des bougies supérieures</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"8.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bouchon et jauge à huile</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"9.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bâche à huile</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"10.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bouchon de vidange</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"11.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">filtre à huile</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"12.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">alternateur</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.32.</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l103\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">moyeu d\'hélice</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bougies supérieures (cylindres droits)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">carter</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"4.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">anneau de levage</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"5.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">points supérieurs d\'attache au bâti</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"6.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bougies supérieures (cylindres gauches)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"7.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">cache culbuteurs</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"8.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">fils des bougies inférieures</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"9.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">échappement</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"10.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">carburateur</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"11.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">couvercle du point de montage de la pompe à vide</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"12.\">\r\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">filtre à air</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 15pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark33\"></a>‌Le fonctionnement d’un moteur thermique</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l104\">\r\n<ol id=\"l105\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Moteur à deux temps</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 165pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_083.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"374\" height=\"271\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.33.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Moteur à quatre temps</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 48pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_084.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"654\" height=\"289\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.34.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark34\"></a>‌L’Alimentation en carburant</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 15pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Pour que l’essence parvienne des réservoirs jusqu’au dispositif de mélange, on utilise <strong>une pompe mécanique </strong>entraînée par le moteur, doublée <strong>d’une pompe électrique de secours </strong>que l’on mettra en fonction à la demande (par exemple au décollage).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark35\"></a>‌L’Elaboration du mélange air-essence</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Deux procédés sont utilisés :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l106\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 111%; text-align: left;\">L’injection<span class=\"p\">, qui consiste à vaporiser de fines gouttelettes d’essence directement dans la chambre du cylindre.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_085.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"427\" height=\"246\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">La carburation<span class=\"p\">, qui assure l’élaboration du mélange air-essence avant son entrée dans les cylindres (la masse volumique de l’air diminue avec l’altitude).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Figure 2.35.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">La commande qui permet de faire varier la pression du mélange air-essence entrant dans les cylindres est <strong>la manette des gaz </strong>(en noir). La manette rouge est la manette de richesse, qui permet d’ajuster la quantité</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">d’essence (mélange riche ou économique). La manette bleue est la commande du pas de l’hélice.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark36\"></a>‌L’Allumage</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 27pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">F</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_086.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"232\" height=\"155\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.36.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Il réside de la production d’une étincelle permettant de démarrer la combustion du mélange.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Il est réalisé par une bougie alimentée par une magnéto. Pour des raisons de sécurité le système est doublé (2 magnétos). Pour des raisons de rendement, on utilise 2 bougies par cylindre.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark37\"></a>‌Les turboréacteurs</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l107\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark38\"></a>‌Le principe de fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Lorsque l’on gonfle un ballon, la pression de l’air à l’intérieur du ballon est supérieure à la pression de l’air à l’extérieur.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_087.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"306\" height=\"196\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.37.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Si on libère l’embouchure du ballon, alors l’air à l’intérieur du ballon va être éjecté et, par réaction, créer une force de même direction mais de sens opposé à la vitesse d’éjection.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Un turboréacteur fonctionne sur le même principe : il comprime l’air et ensuite l’éjecte à grande vitesse de façon contrôlée.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_088.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"699\" height=\"193\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark39\"></a>‌Le Principe du Réacteur à simple flux</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.38. Réacteur monocorps</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 168pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_089.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"446\" height=\"209\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.39. Réacteur double corps</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark40\"></a>‌Le Turboréacteur à double flux</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">C’est le type de réacteur que l’on trouve sur la plupart des avions de ligne aujourd’hui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_090.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"424\" height=\"280\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Dans ce réacteur, deux débits d’air le traversent et le flux secondaire ne traverse pas la chambre de combustion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.40.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Le <strong>taux de dilution </strong>est le rapport des débits entre le flux froid et le flux chaud. Il vaut 11 sur les réacteurs les plus récents. Plus il est élevé, plus le réacteur est silencieux et économe en carburant. En revanche l’encombrement et la trainée sont plus importants.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 24pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_091.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"542\" height=\"50\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img title=\"ReactDoublefluxSouf\" src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_092.png\" alt=\"ReactDoublefluxSouf\" width=\"350\" height=\"236\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Au cours du temps, les turboréacteurs ont évolué pour devenir de plus en plus efficaces et silencieux, grâce à une augmentation progressive de leur taux de dilution. Dans les turboréacteurs les plus récents, le taux de dilution est très fort, et <strong>le flux froid génère environ 80% de la poussée.</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Figure 2.41.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-bottom: 2pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Cela est particulièrement intéressant quand on sait que le bruit des moteurs est majoritairement lié à la différence de vitesse entre l’air chaud éjecté et l’air ambiant. Ainsi, <strong>en réduisant la proportion d’air chaud éjecté, on obtient des moteurs moins bruyants</strong>. De la même façon, en <strong>réduisant la quantité d’air chaud pour une même poussée, on diminue la quantité de carburant nécessaire !</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 182pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_093.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"490\" height=\"5\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark41\"></a>‌Les autres turbomachines</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l108\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark42\"></a>‌Le Turbopropulseur</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Dans le Turbopropulseur, comme dans un Turboréacteur, l’air est aspiré par l’avant puis il est comprimé dans le compresseur avant de traverser les chambres de combustion. Mais cette fois, la turbine de sortie prélève la majeure partie de l’énergie des gaz pour faire tourner une hélice et le compresseur.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_094.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"427\" height=\"262\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.42.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Ce type de propulsion est utilisé pour des avions dont la vitesse se situe entre 300 et 800 km/h. Elle offre l’avantage d’une consommation plus faible et de meilleures performances au décollage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark43\"></a>‌Le Turbomoteur</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Utilisé sur <strong>hélicoptère</strong>, c’est un turbopropulseur dont le réducteur entraîne non plus l’hélice mais une boite de transmission commandant à la fois le rotor principal et le rotor anti couple.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 134pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_095.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"426\" height=\"304\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 67pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Figure 2.43.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark44\"></a>‌Le Statoréacteur</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Un Statoréacteur est un système de propulsion qui utilise le cycle thermodynamique classique : compression/combustion/détente, et pour lequel la poussée est produite par éjection de gaz issu de la combustion d\'un carburant, généralement le kérosène (il n’y a pas de partie tournante).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 153pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_096.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"424\" height=\"224\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.44.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Ce type de propulsion est aujourd’hui surtout utilisé sur propulser des missiles. Il permet d’atteindre de très grandes vitesses (au-delà de Mach 3) mais ne peut fonctionner de manière autonome à basse vitesse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Dans un <strong>pulsoréacteur, </strong>un volet à l’entrée d’air génère des cycles de combustion (utilisé sur les V1 pendant la seconde guerre mondiale).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 246pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_097.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"135\" height=\"37\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h1 style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark45\"></a>‌Partie 4 : Les Instruments de bord</h1>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 126pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_098.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"464\" height=\"354\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Chaque avion à un tableau de bord spécifique, pourtant on y retrouve certains instruments que l’on peut classer en trois grandes familles :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l109\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Les instruments de <strong>conduite </strong>(altimètre, variomètre, anémomètre, horizon artificiel, conservateur de cap, indicateur de virage) dont la disposition est toujours la même. On appelle cette disposition le <strong>T Basique</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 167pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_099.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"333\" height=\"235\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.45.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les instruments de <strong>contrôle </strong>(pressions, températures, charges, moteur)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les instruments de <strong>navigation </strong>(Radio, GPS, VOR-ILS, ADF).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Nous détaillerons chacun de ces instruments par la suite.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 77pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">On retrouve sur tous les appareils une « norme » de couleur :</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le blanc pour les utilisations particulières</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le vert pour les utilisations normales</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le jaune pour les utilisations avec précautions</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le rouge pour les utilisations interdites</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l110\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark46\"></a>‌Les instruments barométriques</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l111\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark47\"></a>‌L’Anémomètre (Airspeed Indicator) ou Badin</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l112\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">L’appareil indique la vitesse de l’avion par rapport à l’air. Il peut être gradué en nœud <strong>kt </strong>ou en <strong>km/h</strong>. (1kt = 1,852 km/h). Il possède un trait rouge ainsi que trois arcs colorés qui correspondent à des vitesses caractéristiques :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_100.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"244\" height=\"230\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 258pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Arc blanc : <span class=\"p\">Zone d’utilisation des volets, allant de la vitesse de décrochage volets sortis à la vitesse maximale d’utilisation des volets (</span>VFE <span class=\"p\">: Velocity Flaps Extended).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 258pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Arc vert : <span class=\"p\">Vitesse normale d’utilisation sans volet, allant de la vitesse de décrochage en lisse à la vitesse à ne pas dépasser lors de mauvaises conditions atmosphériques</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 258pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;\">(<strong>VNO </strong>: Velocity Normal Operating).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.46.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 92%; text-align: left;\">Arc jaune : <span class=\"p\">Zone interdite lors de mauvaises conditions atmosphériques.</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 11pt; text-indent: -1pt; line-height: 89%; text-align: left;\">Trait rouge : <span class=\"p\">Vitesse à ne jamais dépasser (</span>VNE : <span class=\"p\">Velocity Never Exceed)</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_101.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"472\" height=\"232\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.47.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Il mesure la différence entre <u>la</u> <u>pression totale</u> Pt et <u>la pression statique</u> Ps et la convertit en vitesse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 70pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’anémomètre donne une vitesse indiquée, qui diffère de la vitesse vraie selon l’adage</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« plus haut, plus chaud : plus vite ».</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark48\"></a>‌L’Altimètre (Altimeter)</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l113\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_102.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"428\" height=\"196\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.48.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’altimètre indique<u> l’altitude en pieds ou en mètres</u> (<strong>1ft ≈ 0,3 m</strong>).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">C’est un instrument barométrique. Il indique l’altitude de l’avion par rapport à une référence choisie (cf ci-dessous)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La petite aiguille indique les milliers de ft, la grande aiguille indique les centaines de ft.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">La pression atmosphérique diminue lorsque l’altitude augmente. Pour des altitudes pas trop élevées, une variation de 1hPa correspond à une variation de 28 ft soit 8,5 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_103.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"416\" height=\"280\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.49.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Par simple mesure de la pression atmosphérique, on peut donc déduire l’altitude de l’avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les différentes références altimétriques</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Le niveau de la mer</u> (calage QNH<u>)</u> : l’altimètre indique une <strong>altitude</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>La piste </u>(calage QFE<u>)</u> : l’altimètre indique une <strong>hauteur </strong>par rapport à l’aérodrome.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\"><u>La pression 1013,25 hPa (calage standard ou QNE)</u> : l’altimètre indique un <strong>niveau de vol </strong>(FL).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Attention <span class=\"p\">: lorsque la température est plus froide que l’atmosphère de référence, l’altitude est sur-estimée.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark49\"></a>‌Le Variomètre (Vertical Speed Indicator)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l114\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Le variomètre est aussi un instrument barométrique qui mesure une vitesse verticale de montée ou de descente.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Il est gradué en <strong>ft/min </strong>ou parfois en <strong>m/s </strong>(1m/s = 200 ft/min).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_104.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"472\" height=\"240\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.50.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 161pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_105.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"376\" height=\"264\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 16pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.51.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">L’appareil mesure la différence entre <u>la pression atmosphérique</u> et<u> la pression de l’air</u> à l’intérieur d’une capsule.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">En vol horizontal (palier), les pressions sont équilibrées et l’aiguille indique zéro.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">L’avion monte, la pression atmosphérique diminue, mais comme la pression à l’intérieur de la capsule met un temps à s’équilibrer on peut mesurer cette différence de pression.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Le variomètre est utile au pilotage pour déterminer soit une vitesse ascensionnelle <strong>Vz </strong>supérieure à 0, soit un taux de descente <strong>Vz </strong>inférieure à 0, il est possible de l\'utiliser également pour contrôler le vol en palier, même si cela est très difficile du fait du temps de réponse important.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark50\"></a>‌Les instruments gyroscopiques</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l115\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark51\"></a>‌L’indicateur de virage (Turn and Slip Indicator)</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l116\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_106.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"538\" height=\"214\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Il est souvent associé à la bille et indique le sens si le virage est un virage taux 1 (360° en 2 minutes). Ceci est valable uniquement si la bille est maintenue au centre (symétrie du vol maintenue).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 90pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.52.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 216pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_107.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"51\" height=\"5\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 163%; text-align: left;\">L’indicateur de virage indique <u>le sens</u> et <u>le taux</u> du virage. Associé à un gyroscope, comme une toupie, il reste stable un certain temps dans l’espace.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_108.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"569\" height=\"304\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">seconde)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.53.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Exemple : Pour un virage effectué au taux 1, l’avion tourne de 180° en 1 min (3° par</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark52\"></a>‌La Bille</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l117\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Elle ne fait partie ni des instruments barométriques, ni des instruments gyroscopiques mais se trouve associée à l’indicateur de virage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_109.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"211\" height=\"211\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.54.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Par effet inertiel, elle renseigne le pilote sur la symétrie du vol. Pouvant être associée à un brin de laine sur la verrière, un pendule dans l’habitacle, elle permet de voir si l’axe de l’avion est parallèle au vent relatif.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">De par sa masse, la bille est constamment soumise aux forces résultantes des accélérations subies par l\'avion dans le plan transversal. Le tube, étant lié à l\'avion, la bille, agissant comme un pendule, indiquera la direction de la verticale apparente, qui se situe dans le plan de symétrie de l’avion en l’absence de force aérodynamique latérale).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 136pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_110.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"384\" height=\"244\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.55.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">On dit que « le pied chasse la bille », c’est-à-dire qu’il faut pousser le palonnier côté bille pour annuler le dérapage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: right;\"><a name=\"bookmark53\"></a>‌L’horizon artificiel (Artificial Horizon ou Attitude Indicator)</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l118\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Il permet de restituer au pilote la position de « l’horizon naturel » lorsque celui-ci n’est pas visible : vol de nuit, trop de nuage, altitude importante...</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le pilote voit alors l’assiette et l’inclinaison de l’avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_111.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"246\" height=\"246\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s8\" style=\"padding-left: 91pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Il est constitué d’une :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l119\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: right;\">Maquette centrale qui représente un avion</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 269pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: left;\">Sphère intérieur sur laquelle figure la ligne</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 269pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 90%; text-align: left;\">d’horizon en blanc, le ciel en bleu et la terre en marron.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 269pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Couronne des valeurs d’inclinaison (10°, 20°, 30°</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 269pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">…)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.56.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_112.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"382\" height=\"332\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Lors d’un mouvement de l’avion, c’est l’ensemble avion-maquette qui se déplace autour de la sphère et de la couronne, ces dernières étant rendues fixes dans l’espace, par la toupie d’un gyroscope dont l’axe de rotation est maintenu à la verticale.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 132pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.57.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 106pt; text-indent: -28pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark54\"></a>‌Le conservateur de cap ou directionnel (Heading Indicator ou Directional Gyro Indicator DGI)</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l120\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 16pt; padding-left: 124pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Il donne aussi le cap magnétique mais permet d’éviter les erreurs du compas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_113.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"256\" height=\"261\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s48\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.58.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(Masses métalliques proches, virages, atmosphère turbulent, accélérations, …)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 124pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">C’est un instrument gyroscopique à 2 ddl qui permet de conserver une direction fixe dans l’espace et donc de s’orienter. Il est stable et précis sur un temps « court ».</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_114.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"371\" height=\"296\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 328pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Cependant, au bout d’un certain temps, le gyroscope du directionnel peut perdre sa référence d’orientation, du fait de la rotation de la Terre et du déplacement de l’avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 328pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Cela oblige donc à se recaler sur la référence du compas, tous les quarts d’heure à l’aide de la molette.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_115.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"285\" height=\"1\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s32\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 328pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Cette opération se fait en ligne droite et <u>à vitesse constante.</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.59.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark55\"></a>‌Le compas (Magnetic Compass) (Instrument non gyroscopique)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l121\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Il s’agit d’une boussole qui permet de mesurer l’orientation de l’avion par rapport au Nord magnétique (cap magnétique).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_116.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"224\" height=\"224\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 222pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Une graduation de 0 à 360 degrés tourne devant une ligne de foi figurant l\'axe de l\'avion, ce qui permet au pilote de savoir le cap magnétique suivi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 222pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Il indique en permanence la direction du Nord magnétique, quelle que soit la route suivie par l\'avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 222pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.60.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 222pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Remarques</u> :</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 162pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">- L’angle séparant l’axe passant par le nord magnétique et celui passant par le nord géographique s’appelle la <strong>déclinaison</strong>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">- Celui que fait l’aiguille du compas par rapport à l’horizontale s’appelle <strong>l’inclinaison. </strong>(En France, aux alentours de 50° N de latitude, l’inclinaison est d’environ 65°).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_117.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"177\" height=\"174\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.61.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_118.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"270\" height=\"238\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 233pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Il se compose d’un plateau circulaire gradué en degré, associé à un aimant orienté sur l’axe Nord-sud.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 233pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">L’ensemble est posé sur un pivot et baigne dans un liquide amortisseur qui limite les oscillations.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 233pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Certaines directions particulières sont repérées par des lettres : N (nord) 360°, E (est) 90°, S (sud) 180°, W (ouest) 270°.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 233pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Le compas est très sensible aux accélérations de l’avion (virage, turbulence, …) mais ne dérive pas dans le temps.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_119.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"136\" height=\"37\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.62.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark56\"></a>‌Les autres instruments</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l122\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 87pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark57\"></a>‌Les instruments de radionavigation</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 16pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Voir le chapitre 4, partie 3</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_120.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"426\" height=\"330\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.63.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 87pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark58\"></a>‌Les instruments de contrôle</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 16pt; padding-left: 87pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark59\"></a>‌Les EFIS (Electronic Flight Information Systems)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_121.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"548\" height=\"265\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.64.</p>\r\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 24pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark60\"></a>‌Complément : English vocabulary</h1>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_122.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"764\" height=\"544\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aircraft types</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l123\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 18pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark61\"></a>‌Aircraft types</p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.65.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 69.074pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 446pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 110pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commercial Aircraft</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Avion d’affaires</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Corporate/executive/business</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">aircraft</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Avion de ligne</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Liner aircraft</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Avion régional</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commuter aircraft</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Court/moyen/long</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">courrier</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Short/medium/long haul aircraft</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Mono/bi-couloir</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Single/twin aisle</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 46pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Avion militaire</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Military aircraft (surveillance, recognition, bombing, combat, transportation)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 127.51pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aérostat</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aerostat</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Autogire</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Autogyro</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Convertible</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tilt rotor aircraft</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Delta-plane</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Hang-glider</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dirigeable</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Airship, dirigible (us)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Girodyne</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Girodyno</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Hydravion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Seaplane, flying boat</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Multiaxe</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">3-axes microlights</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Paramoteur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Paramotor</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Parapente</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Paraglider</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pendulaire</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pendular</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rotor principal / de queue</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Main / tail rotor</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ulm</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Microlight</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Voilure tournante, giravion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rotorcraft</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vol à voile</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Gliding</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vol libre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Free flight</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 71pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_123.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"611\" height=\"383\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.66.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 19pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark62\"></a>‌Aircraft composition and structure</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_124.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"544\" height=\"312\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.67.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 188.62pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 225pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Airframe</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cadre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Frame</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Caisson Central</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Wing (Spare) Box</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aile En Porte A Faux</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cantilever Wing</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cisaillement</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Shear Stress</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Contrainte</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Normal Stress</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Couple, Cadre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ring Frame</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Déformation</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Strain</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flexion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Bending</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flottement</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flutter</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Lisse, Raidisseur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Stringer, Stiffener</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Longeron</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spar</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Nervure</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rib</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_125.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"360\" height=\"112\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_126.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"715\" height=\"261\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s52\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Nose gear</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s52\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Main gear</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s52\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">of a Typhoon</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s52\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Single wheel</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"border: 0.7pt solid #000000; display: block; min-height: 58.1pt; width: 132.2pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s53\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: 23pt; line-height: 157%; text-align: left;\">Twin wheels Nose gear of a Rafale</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l124\">\r\n<ol id=\"l125\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark63\"></a>‌Landing gear ; Wheel Layouts</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"border: 0.7pt solid #000000; display: block; min-height: 58.2pt; width: 126.4pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s53\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 18pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 158%; text-align: left;\">6 wheels Bogie of an B777</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 425pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 126pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_127.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"404\" height=\"258\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"border: 0.7pt solid #000000; display: block; min-height: 57.0pt; width: 268.8pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s53\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Monotrace</p>\r\n<p class=\"s53\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Landing gear of a Harrier fighter jet.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 140pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 117.07pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 340pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 91pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Landing Gear, Miscellaneous</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Diabolo</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Diabolo, Twin Wheels</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Empattement</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Wheelbase</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Emplanture</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Wing Root</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fuselage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fuselage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Jambe Atterrisseur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Gear Log/Strut</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Mât</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">(Nacelle) Strut</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Parebrise</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Windshield (US) Windscreen (GB)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Patins Ou Skis</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Skids</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Réservoir</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fuel Tank</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Sortir/ Rentrer Le Train</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Extend /Retract The Gear</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Train Atterrissage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Landing Gear, Undercarriage (GB) (Retractable/Fixed)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Train Classique</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; padding-right: 32pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tailwheel Or Taildragger Aircraft, Conventional Ger</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Train Tricycle</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Nosewheel Aircraft, Tricycle Landing Gear</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Verrière</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Canopy</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<ol id=\"l126\">\r\n<ol id=\"l127\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark64\"></a>‌Wings and controls</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_128.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"663\" height=\"198\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">High wing Mid wing</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_129.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"617\" height=\"192\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Low wing Shoulder wing</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark65\"></a>‌Wings angle</h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_130.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"663\" height=\"196\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_131.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"294\" height=\"195\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dihedral wings Anhedral wing</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 312pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Inverted gull wing</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 240pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_132.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"135\" height=\"37\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark66\"></a>‌Wings shapes</h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 42pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_133.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"666\" height=\"196\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-bottom: 2pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Straight wings Tapered wings</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 34pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_134.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"666\" height=\"196\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Swept wings Elliptic wings</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 33pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_135.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"667\" height=\"203\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_136.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"664\" height=\"214\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s40\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><span class=\"p\"> Biplane</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Triplane<span class=\"s40\"></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s54\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 126pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Delta wings <span class=\"p\">Cropped delta wings and canard</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 235pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_137.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"133\" height=\"36\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark67\"></a>‌Tails designs</h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 39pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_138.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"677\" height=\"199\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Low-set Mid-set</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 39pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_139.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"677\" height=\"198\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-bottom: 3pt; padding-left: 134pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">High-set T-Tail</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 39pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_140.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"677\" height=\"207\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_141.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"677\" height=\"186\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Twin fin</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Canard V-Tail</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 116.11pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 370pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"4\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Wings And Controls</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aérofrein</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Airbrake</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aile Effilée, En Pointe</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tapered Wing</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aileron</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aileron</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Bec</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Slat</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Braquage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Deflection</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cabrer</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pull The Nose Up, Pitch Up</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Calage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Wing Setting</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Carénage, Karman</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Fairing</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Control Or Steering Wheel</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande De Direction</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rudder Control</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande De Gauchissement</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aileron Control</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande De Profondeur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Elevator Control</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande De Vol Electrique</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Fly By Wire Controls</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Compensateur D’évolution,</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Volet De Compensation</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tab Or Trim Tab</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Compensateur De Régime</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Trim</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Configuration Canard</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Canard Foil System, Foreplane</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Configuration Lisse</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Clean Configuration</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dérive</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vertical Tail / Fin, Vertical</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Stabilizer</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dièdre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dihedral</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dispositifs Hypersustentateurs</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">High Lift Devices</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 130pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Horizontal Stabilizer,</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage (US)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 62pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Aft Tail,</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Envergure</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Wingspan</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flèche</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 130pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Angle Of Sweep</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Backward)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 62pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 2pt; padding-right: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">(Forward,</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Forme En Plan</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Plant-Form</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Gouverne</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Control Surface</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Manche</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Control Stick</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Palonnier</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cross Or Rudder Bar</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 61pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spoiler,</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Portance</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 85pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Destructeur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 32pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">De</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spoiler, Lift Dumper</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Volet (Simple/Double Fente)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flap (Single/Double Slotted)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Volet De Courbure, D’intrados</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Plain, Split Flap</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"V.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 17pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark68\"></a>‌Engines</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-bottom: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Piston Engine</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 34pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_142.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"675\" height=\"284\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Jet Engine</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.68.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_143.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"714\" height=\"432\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 83pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.69.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 148.75pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 305pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: center;\">Propeller</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Calage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Setting</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Casserole</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spinner</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pale</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Blade</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pas Variable / Fixe</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Variable Pitch, Constant Speed Vs Fixed Pitch</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Petit / Grand Pas</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; padding-right: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Low Or Fine / High Or Coarse Pitch</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 305pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 93pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Reciprocating Engine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Allumage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Ignition</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Avoir Des Râtés</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Splutter</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Bielle</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Connecting Rod</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Bimoteur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Twin-Engine Aircraft</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Bougie</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Spark Plug</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Carburateur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Carburetor</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Carter</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Crankcase</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Collecteur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Manifold</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Consommation Spécifique</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Specific Fuel Consumption</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Culasse</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Cylinder Head</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s56\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cylindre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Cylinder</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Dégivrage Carburateur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Carburettor Icing</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Entrée D’air</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Air Intake</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Essence</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Gasoline (Us), Petrol (Gb)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Gasoil</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Diesel</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Groupe Motopropulseur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Powerplant</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Indice Octane</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fuel / Octane Grade</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Manette Des Gaz</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Throttle</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Piston</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Piston</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Richesse</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Mixture Composition (Lean/Rich)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Soupape D’admission</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Intake Valve</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Soupape D’échappement</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Exhaust Valve</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tachymètre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; padding-right: 16pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Tachometer, RPM Indicator</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Température Des Gaz D’échappement</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tours Par Minute</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Revolutions Per Minutes (RPM)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbocompresseur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbocharger</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Vilebrequin</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Crankshaft</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 305pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: center;\">Turbine Engine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Chambre De Combustion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Combustion Chamber</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Compresseur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Compressor</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Flux Primaire</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Hot Or Primary Flow</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flux Secondaire</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; padding-right: 16pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Cold Or Secondary Flow, By-Pass Air</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Groupe Auxiliaire De</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Auxiliary Power Unit</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 148.75pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Puissance</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">(APU)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Inverseur De Poussée</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Thrust Reverser</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Kérosène</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Aviation Jet Fuel, Jet A</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Moteurs Arrière</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Rear Podded Engine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Nacelle</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Pod</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Postcombustion</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Reheat, Afterburner</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Réacteur Double Corps</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Twin Shaft Turbofan</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Rotor Anti-Couple</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Tail Rotor</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Soufflante</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fan</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Statoréacteur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Ramjet Engine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Taux De Dilution</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">By Pass Ratio</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbine A Air Dynamique</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Ram Air Turbine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbo Réacteur Double Flux</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbofan Engine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Turbo Réacteur Simple Flux</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Turbojet Engine, Straight Flow Turbojet</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbo-Moteur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turboshaft Engine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbopropulseur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turboprop Engine</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Tuyère</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Nozzle</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Turboprop Engine</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_144.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"701\" height=\"421\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 83pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.70.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_145.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"456\" height=\"274\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.71.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ramjet and Rocket Engine</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 135.43pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 332pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"4\">\r\n<p class=\"s57\" style=\"padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: left;\">V. <strong>Instruments</strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Altimètre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Altimeter</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Anémomètre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Airspeed Indicator</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Capteur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 66pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Sensor,</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Transducer</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 60pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Detector,</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Probe,</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Centrale Aerodynamique</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Air Data Unit</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Centrale Inertielle</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Inertial Unit</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 78pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Compas</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(Boussole)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 76pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Magnétique</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Magnetic Compass</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Horizon Artificiel</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 66pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Artificial</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicator</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 60pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Horizon,</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Attitude</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 78pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicateur</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Directionnel</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 76pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; padding-right: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">De Cap,</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Heading Indicator, Directional</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Gyro</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicateur De Décrochage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Stall Warning Indicator</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicateur De Virage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Turn And Slip Indicator, Slip</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Bubble</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Interrupteur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Switch</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Radiocompas</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 66pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Automatic</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(ADF)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 60pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Direction</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Finder</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Radiogoniomètre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Visual Omni Range (VOR)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Recalage Gyroscope</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Gyro Resetting</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Système D’atterrissage Aux</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Instruments</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 66pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Instrument</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(ILS)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 60pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Landing</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">System</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tableau De Bord</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Instrument Panel</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tachymètre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rpm Indicator, Tachometer</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 149.39pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Variomètre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vertical Speed Indicator, Rate Of</p>\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Climb Indicator</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse vraie</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">True Air Speed (TAS)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse indiquée</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicated Air Speed (IAS)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse calibrée</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Calibrated Air Speed (CAS)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse sol</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ground speed (GS)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse équivalente</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Equivalent Air Speed (EAS)</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 241pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_146.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"133\" height=\"36\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s3\" style=\"padding-left: 15pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark69\"></a>‌Chapitre 2 :</p>\r\n<p class=\"s3\" style=\"padding-left: 51pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">AERODYNAMIQUE, AEROSTATIQUE ET PRINCIPES DU VOL</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_147.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"501\" height=\"304\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Ce chapitre est divisé en 3 parties :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 1 : Aérodynamique</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 2 : Etude du vol stabilisé</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 3 : Aérostation et vol spatial</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Complément : English vocabular</p>\r\n<p class=\"s15\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Contenu du Chapitre :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 1 : Aérodynamique</h4>\r\n<ol id=\"l128\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Comment vole un avion ?</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Etude de la polaire</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\">Caractéristiques d’une voilure</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 2 : Etude du vol stabilisé</h4>\r\n<ol id=\"l129\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">Les forces en jeu</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">Tangage, roulis et lacet</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\">Facteur de charge</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -20pt; text-align: left;\">Décollage et atterrissage</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 3 : Aérostation et vol spatial</h4>\r\n<ol id=\"l130\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">Aérostation</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">Vol spatial</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Complément : English vocabulary</h4>\r\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark70\"></a>‌Partie 1 : Aérodynamique :</h1>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 21pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l131\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 127pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark71\"></a>‌Comment vole un avion ?</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l132\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark72\"></a>‌Les Caractéristiques d’un profil d’aile :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_148.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"573\" height=\"159\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ul id=\"l133\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Profil : <span class=\"p\">Coupe verticale de l’aile</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.1.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Corde de profil : <span class=\"p\">Ligne joignant le bord d’attaque au bord de fuite</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Profondeur : <span class=\"p\">Longueur de la corde de profil, notée </span>c</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Epaisseur : <span class=\"p\">Distance maximum entre l’Extrados et l’Intrados</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark73\"></a>‌L’écoulement de l’air autour du profil</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_149.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"322\" height=\"174\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s59\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 35pt; line-height: 106%; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"p\">Pour étudier le vol d’un avion dans l’air, il est équivalent de considérer l’avion immobile et l’air qui se déplace. On s’intéresse alors à la trajectoire de minces filets d’air, appelés lignes de courant. La vitesse de l’avion est remplacée par le vent relatif, qui souffle dans le sens opposé : </span>𝑉⃗⃗⃗𝑣⃗⃗⃗𝑒⃗⃗𝑛⃗⃗⃗𝑡⃗⃗<span class=\"s60\">⃗⃗</span>𝑟⃗⃗𝑒⃗⃗⃗𝑙⃗𝑎⃗⃗⃗𝑡⃗⃗𝑖⃗⃗𝑓⃗ = − 𝑉⃗⃗⃗𝑎⃗⃗⃗𝑣⃗⃗⃗𝑖⃗⃗𝑜⃗⃗⃗𝑛⃗<span class=\"p\">.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 1.2.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_150.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"653\" height=\"176\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Il est utilisé en aéronautique pour :</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 41pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Expliquer les dépressions sur l’extrados et les surpressions sur l’intrados</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 41pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Expliquer les effets de Foehn en montagne</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 41pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le mélange air/essence dans les carburateurs</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-bottom: 3pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Commençons par <strong>l’effet Venturi</strong>. Lorsque la section se rétrécit, la vitesse des filets d’air augmente et ils ont tendance à se rapprocher les uns des autres. Cet effet s’inverse lorsque la section augmente. Vous pouvez vérifier cela en pinçant l’extrémité du tuyau d’arrosage de votre jardin.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Bernoulli <span class=\"p\">a démontré (1738) que dans un fluide en écoulement, plus la vitesse du fluide est élevée et plus la pression y est faible et réciproquement.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"s59\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"p\">Plus précisément, le long d’une ligne de courant, on a </span>𝑃 + <span class=\"s61\">1</span> 𝜌𝑉<span class=\"s63\">2</span> = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒</p>\r\n<p class=\"s64\" style=\"padding-left: 219pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 10pt; text-align: center;\">2</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 132pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_151.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"440\" height=\"120\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.3.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Dans le cas d’un profil d’aile, la présence de l’<strong>extrados </strong>engendre un surplus de vitesse qui crée une <strong>dépression</strong>. Côté <strong>intrados</strong>, c’est l’inverse : il y a une diminution de la vitesse et apparition d’une <strong>surpression</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l134\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark74\"></a>‌L’angle d’incidence</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">C’est l’angle <strong>i </strong>compris entre la corde de profil de l’aile et la trajectoire de l’avion (matérialisée par le vent relatif). Il varie au cours du vol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_152.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"429\" height=\"86\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 1.4.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark75\"></a>‌Les forces aérodynamiques</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_153.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"494\" height=\"211\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.5.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">La somme des forces pressantes sur toute la surface du profil est une <strong>force aérodynamique</strong>, dirigée vers le haut (et légèrement vers l’arrière). C’est cette force qui maintient l’avion en vol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Cette force, la sustentation ou portance, est générée pour environ 2/3 par l’extrados de l’aile et pour environ 1/3 par l’intrados.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Le point où s’applique la force aérodynamique est appelé <strong>centre de poussée (CP)</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark76\"></a>‌Portance et trainée</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">La force aérodynamique qui s’exerce sur un profil est décomposée en deux termes :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l135\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">L’un parallèle au vent relatif : c’est la <strong>trainée Rx</strong>, qui s’oppose à l’avancement de l’avion</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’autre perpendiculaire au vent relatif : c’est la <strong>portance Rz</strong>, qui porte ou</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_154.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"361\" height=\"190\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">sustend l’avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 1.6.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Un constructeur d’avion cherche à obtenir la plus grande portance possible (pour maximiser la charge emportée) et la plus faible trainée possible (celle-ci s’oppose au mouvement de l’avion et augmente la consommation de carburant).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Deux relations jumelles permettent de calculer les valeurs de la portance et de la trainée (en newton-N) :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"background: #000000100; display: block; min-height: 21.4pt; width: 484.9pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s65\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Rz = 1/2 ρ V<span class=\"s66\">2 </span>. S . Cz et Rx = 1/2 ρ V<span class=\"s66\">2 </span>. S . Cx</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_155.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"188\" height=\"369\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.7.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 46pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Avec :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l136\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"*\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 46pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><strong>ρ</strong>= Masse volumique de l\'air (en kg.m<span class=\"s67\">3</span>)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"*\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 46pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\">S <span class=\"p\">= Surface alaire de l\'avion (en m²)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"*\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 46pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\">V <span class=\"p\">= Vitesse de l\'avion par rapport à l’air (en m.s)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"*\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 46pt; text-indent: -35pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Cz <span class=\"p\">= Coefficient de portance (sans unité) : dépend du profil et de l\'angle d’incidence,)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"*\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 46pt; text-indent: -35pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Cx <span class=\"p\">= Coefficient de trainée (sans unité) : dépend du profil et de l\'angle d’incidence)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 46pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\"><strong>ρ </strong>diminue avec l’altitude <span class=\"s40\"></span> portance et trainée diminuent avec l’altitude.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 37pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Quand on double la vitesse, on multiplie par 4 portance et trainée.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s10\" style=\"padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">La Portance ainsi que la Trainée varient avec l’incidence du profil.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s8\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pour un avion de transport civil :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l137\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">En croisière <span class=\"s40\"></span> <strong>Cz</strong>≈0,5</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 202pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><span class=\"s40\"></span> <strong>Cx</strong>≈0,025</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: right;\">A l’atterrissage <span class=\"s40\"></span> <strong>Cz</strong>≈2,5</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\"><span class=\"s40\"></span> <strong>Cx</strong>≈0, 2</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l138\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"F.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark77\"></a>‌Foyer</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le foyer est le point du profil où s’appliquent les variations de portance dues à une variation d’incidence. <span class=\"p\">C’est un point fixe.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 132pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_156.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"423\" height=\"164\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.8.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">En subsonique, F est situé derrière le bord d’attaque, à une distance correspondant à environ 25% de la corde du profil.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"G.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark78\"></a>‌Exemples de profil</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_157.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"555\" height=\"394\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.9.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_158.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"543\" height=\"595\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figures 1.9.bis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.10.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_159.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"493\" height=\"376\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.11.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l139\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 127pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark79\"></a>‌Etude de la polaire</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l140\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark80\"></a>‌Etude du coefficient de portance</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 210pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_160.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"240\" height=\"269\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.12.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s68\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\"><span class=\"p\">Le coefficient de portance, Cz, augmente régulièrement avec l’incidence et atteint une </span>valeur maximale (notée Cz<span class=\"s69\">max</span>) puis chute brutalement : c’est le décrochage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark81\"></a>‌Le décrochage</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">En raison de la viscosité de l’air, les forces de frottements sont concentrées dans une couche très fine (de l’ordre de grandeur du millimètre) appelée couche limite.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Celle-ci est d’abord <strong>laminaire </strong>(les particules suivent des trajectoires parallèles entre elles) puis <strong>turbulent </strong>après la transition (la couche limite s’épaissit et les trajectoires des particules fluctuent).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 190pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_161.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"296\" height=\"130\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.13</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Si l’on incline l’aile au-delà d’un certain angle d’incidence, environ de 15<strong>°</strong>, l’écoulement de l’air devient <strong>tourbillonnaire </strong>(ou <strong>décollé</strong>) sur l’extrados car les filets n’ont plus suffisamment d’énergie pour coller au profil de</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_162.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"264\" height=\"314\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_163.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"364\" height=\"207\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s70\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Résultat :</p>\r\n<p class=\"s71\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 52pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: center;\">Une diminution rapide et importante de la portance (et une augmentation de la trainée)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: left;\">l’aile.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">F</p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 1.14.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Le décrochage se traduit alors par un avancement du centre de poussée (CP) et donc une abattée (basculement de l’avion vers l’avant). Si le décrochage est dissymétrique (il n’apparait que sur une aile), alors il y a mise en vrille.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">L’approche du décrochage se traduit par des <strong>vibrations </strong>dans le manche (buffet) car la gouverne de profondeur est située dans l’écoulement tourbillonnaire.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Il existe des <strong>avertisseurs sonores de décrochage </strong>(un capteur mesure directement l’incidence de l’aile et signale le dépassement de la valeur admissible).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark82\"></a>‌Etude du coefficient de trainée</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">3 phénomènes contribuent à la trainée :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l141\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">La trainée induite</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">La trainée de frottement</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">La trainée de profil.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l142\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\r\n<p class=\"s10\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Trainée induite</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">La surpression d’intrados et la dépression d’extrados engendrent, en bout d’ailes, un mouvement de l’air de <strong>l’intrados vers l’extrados</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 184pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_164.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"311\" height=\"181\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.15.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Cet enroulement intrados/extrados de l’air forme alors des <strong>tourbillons marginaux</strong>, ainsi qu’une <strong>turbulence de sillage</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 202pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_165.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"265\" height=\"174\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.16.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">La trainée induite est due aux tourbillons marginaux, qui modifient localement l’incidence. Elle augmente avec le carré de la portance et diminue lorsque l’allongement de la voilure augmente.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pour réduire les tourbillons marginaux, on installe, en bouts d’ailes, des pièces appelées</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_166.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"481\" height=\"233\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">winglets.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.17.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 20pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_167.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"542\" height=\"47\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">En réduisant la trainée induite, les winglets améliorent à la fois les performances aérodynamiques de l’appareil et son <strong>impact environnemental</strong>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s72\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"> <span class=\"s34\">Étude de cas : Le Boeing 737</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_168.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"620\" height=\"319\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.18.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 174pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_169.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"482\" height=\"5\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\r\n<p class=\"s10\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Trainée de frottement</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Elle a pour origine les frottements visqueux entre l’écoulement et la surface de la voilure, au sein de la couche limite. Elle peut augmenter notoirement si <strong>l’état de surface </strong>de l’aile se dégrade (salissures, givre, …) et réduire ainsi les performances de l’avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Il est essentiel sur un planeur de veiller à la propreté de l’aile.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\r\n<p class=\"s10\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Trainée de profil</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Cette dernière composante a pour origine l’apparition d’un décollement de l’écoulement sur l’extrados et d’une zone tourbillonnaire. La trainée de profil augmente donc fortement lorsqu’on s’approche du décrochage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark83\"></a>‌La polaire d’une aile</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_170.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"475\" height=\"601\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">C’est la courbe qui représente l’évolution de la résultante aérodynamique.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 382pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Elle donne les valeurs du <u>coefficient de portance</u> <strong>Cz </strong>en fonction de celles du <u>coefficient de trainée</u> <strong>Cx </strong>pour un angle d’incidence donné. En pratique, on représente 100 Cx pour dilater la courbe.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 382pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">C’est une « carte d’identité » aérodynamique de l’aile qui indique ses caractéristiques.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 368pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Les points caractéristiques d’une polaire sont :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 381pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">A : Portance nulle</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 381pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">B : Trainée minimale</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 381pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">C : Finesse maximale (Cz/Cx maxi)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 381pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">D : Portance maximale</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 381pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">E : Décrochage</p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 1.19.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 111%; text-align: left;\"><u>A noter :</u> La polaire de l’avion complet inclut les contributions du fuselage, des empennages et du train d’atterrissage à la portance et surtout à la trainée.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark84\"></a>‌La finesse</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Par définition, la finesse f est le rapport : <strong>f= Cz/Cx</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 164%; text-align: left;\">Plus ce nombre est élevé, plus cette aile porte bien, pour une traînée minimale. Il existe un angle d’incidence pour laquelle la finesse est maximale.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Pour un avion de tourisme :</u> la finesse maximale est de <strong>10</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Pour un avion de transport civil moderne : </u>elle est de <strong>22</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\"><u>Pour un planeur :</u> elle est de <strong>40 </strong>voire de <strong>70 </strong>pour les plus performants, grâce à l’allongement très important de l’aile et l’absence de rugosités sur celle-ci.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le point de finesse maximale joue un rôle important :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l143\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: left;\">Il permet de maximiser le rayon d’action pour un avion à hélice</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Il permet de maximiser l’autonomie et la pente de montée pour un avion à réaction</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_171.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"660\" height=\"126\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s74\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Finesse =</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Distance Horizontale</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Distance Verticale</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse horizontale Portance Cz</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">=</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse verticale</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">=</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">=</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: left;\">Trainée Cx</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pour un aéronef non motorisé ou en panne moteur et <strong>en l’absence de vent</strong>, on a :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_172.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"608\" height=\"181\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.21.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-bottom: 2pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">La finesse représente donc <i>« combien de fois » </i>un aéronef peut parcourir sa hauteur. Un vent de face sera défavorable, un vent arrière favorable.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 22pt; padding-left: 127pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark85\"></a>‌Caractéristiques d’une voilure</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l144\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark86\"></a>‌Caractéristiques géométriques</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_173.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"254\" height=\"229\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l145\">\r\n<ul id=\"l146\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Envergure : <span class=\"p\">Distance entre les extrémités des deux ailes, notée </span>2b</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 1.22.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_174.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"299\" height=\"133\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 89%; text-align: left;\">Surface alaire : <span class=\"p\">Surface totale de la voilure, y compris celle qui traverse le fuselage, notée </span>S</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.23.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Allongement : <span class=\"p\">Grandeur sans unité, notée </span>A</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"s75\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 206pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">2𝑏 <span class=\"s76\">𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒</span><span class=\"s77\">2</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"s76\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 176pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">𝐴 = <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_175.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"48\" height=\"1\">= <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_176.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"129\" height=\"1\">= <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_177.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"123\" height=\"1\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s76\" style=\"padding-left: 201pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">𝐶𝑚𝑜𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">A <span class=\"p\">vaut environ :</span></p>\r\n<ul id=\"l147\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: left;\">5 pour un avion de combat</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: left;\">10 pour un avion de transport</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: left;\">25 pour un planeur.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dièdre</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.24.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flèche</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 31pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_178.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"485\" height=\"226\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_179.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"263\" height=\"282\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 258pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.25.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 252pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_180.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"134\" height=\"37\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark87\"></a>‌Becs et volets</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 16pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_181.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"475\" height=\"315\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.26.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Le décollage et l’atterrissage se font par nécessité à vitesse réduite. Pour conserver une portance suffisante, il est nécessaire d’augmenter Cz (c’est le rôle des <strong>volets</strong>) et de retarder au maximum le décrochage (c’est le rôle des <strong>becs)</strong>. Becs et volets constituent les dispositifs <strong>hypersustentateurs</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 142pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_182.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"450\" height=\"210\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 37pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.27.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">A noter que les volets augmentent également la surface alaire.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_183.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"553\" height=\"183\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 37pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figures 1.28 et 1.29.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Les becs permettent de redonner de l’énergie à l’écoulement sur l’extrados et ainsi de repousser l’angle d’incidence du décrochage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Les dispositifs hypersustentateurs augmentent la trainée et dégradent la finesse et donc la vitesse de montée. C’est pourquoi on ne braque pas entièrement les volets lors du décollage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_184.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"540\" height=\"49\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">En fonction des caractéristiques de la piste utilisée et de l’environnement aéroportuaire, les pilotes ont la possibilité lors des phases de décollage et d’atterrissage de diminuer le braquage des volets afin de générer le moins de trainée possible. Les effets sont les suivants :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l148\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 106%; text-align: justify;\"><u>Au décollage</u> : meilleures pentes de montée, donc moins de nuisance sonore et un niveau de croisière atteint plus rapidement</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: justify;\"><u>A l’atterrissage</u> : moins de trainée, donc moins de consommation de carburant</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s79\"></span><u> </u><u>Un exemple concret :</u> <span class=\"p\">lors de leurs arrivées à Roissy, les pistes étant longues, beaucoup de pilotes utilisent des braquages de volets plus faibles que d’habitude. Sur un Boeing 777, l’utilisation des volets 25 au lieu de 30 permet d’économiser jusqu’à 50 kg de carburant.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\"><u>Attention :</u> <span class=\"p\">il faut toutefois garder en tête que l’utilisation d’un cran de volet inhabituel entraine un changement d’assiette lors de l’atterrissage. Cela peut être déstabilisant pour un pilote, surtout </span>s’il n’a pas volé depuis longtemps<span class=\"p\">. Ainsi, l’application de cette procédure ne doit se faire que si le pilote s’en sent parfaitement capable compte tenu des conditions du jour (état physique, psychologique, météo…) : </span>l’économie de carburant ne doit en aucun cas primer sur la sécurité du vol !!!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 178pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_185.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"480\" height=\"5\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark88\"></a>‌Autres dispositifs</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Les Aérofreins <span class=\"p\">sont des panneaux encastrés dans la voilure (ou le fuselage), dont la sortie dans l’écoulement de l’air, permet d’augmenter la traînée.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">En vol, ils permettent de <u>diminuer la vitesse</u> et<u>  d’augmenter le taux de chute</u> (en diminuant la finesse).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_186.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"302\" height=\"219\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Au sol, ils contribuent au freinage afin de <u>diminuer la longueur de roulage sur la piste.</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 1.30.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\"><strong>Les Spoilers </strong>sont des panneaux d’extrados qui sont utilisés symétriquement en fonction <u>Aérofrein</u> ou <u>dissymétriquement en fonction Gauchissement (destruction de</u> <u>la portance sur l’aile intérieure du virage)</u>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_187.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"538\" height=\"48\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">En ce qui concerne les moyens de freinage de l’avion au sol, il en existe trois types : <strong>freins, aérofreins et « reverses »</strong>. Les reverses consistent à inverser la poussée des moteurs : c’est un moyen de freinage extrêmement efficace mais très coûteux en kérosène. Ainsi, lorsque la longueur de piste le permet, il est possible de n’utiliser que les freins et aérofreins pour ralentir l’avion.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s79\"></span><u> </u><u>Un exemple concret :</u> <span class=\"p\">sur un Boeing 777, cette opération permet d’économiser </span>jusqu’à 80 kg de kérosène <span class=\"p\">: c’est beaucoup, surtout pour une opération si brève (de l’ordre de la minute) !</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 172pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_188.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"480\" height=\"5\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_189.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"581\" height=\"274\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.31.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 20pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark89\"></a>‌Partie 2 : Etude du vol stabilisé :</h1>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 18pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l149\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 111pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark90\"></a>‌Les forces en jeu</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 84pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_190.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"578\" height=\"363\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.32.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_191.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"24\" height=\"7\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: 35pt; text-align: justify;\">La traction <span class=\"p\">(avion à hélice) ou </span>la poussée <span class=\"p\">(avion à réaction) permet à l’avion de progresser dans l’air. La manette des gaz permet d’agir sur l’intensité de cette force.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_192.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"24\" height=\"7\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La traînée <span class=\"p\">correspond à la force parallèle et opposée à la trajectoire.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_193.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"24\" height=\"7\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: 35pt; text-align: left;\">Le poids <span class=\"p\">de l’aéronef, force verticale orientée vers le bas, appliquée au centre de gravité.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_194.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"24\" height=\"7\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: 35pt; text-align: left;\">La portance<span class=\"p\">, force perpendiculaire à la trajectoire, appliquée au centre de poussée.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s24\" style=\"padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Ces forces évoluent selon les phases de vol :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l150\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark91\"></a>‌En palier</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 128pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>La portance</u> équilibre <u>le poids.</u> <u>La traction</u> équilibre <u>la traînée.</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 187pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_195.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"316\" height=\"189\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark92\"></a>‌En</p>\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">montée</p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.33.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_196.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"328\" height=\"227\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.34.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\"><u>La    portance</u> équilibre <u>la    grande</u> <u>composante du poids.</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\"><u>La traction</u> équilibre <u>la trainée</u> + <u>la petite</u> <u>composante du poids</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>La traction</u> doit être <strong>plus importante</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">qu’en palier.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark93\"></a>‌En descente</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\"><u>La portance</u> équilibre <u>la grande composante</u> <u>du poids.</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\"><u>La traction</u> + <u>la petite composante du poids</u> équilibrent <u>la trainée.</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>La traction</u> doit donc être <strong>moins importante</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">qu’en palier.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_197.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"309\" height=\"214\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.35.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dans le cas du planeur T=0. La pente de descente est alors égale à la fines</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -25pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark94\"></a>‌Tangage-Roulis-Lacet</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Pour diriger l’avion : on utilise les efforts aérodynamiques créés sur de petites surfaces que l’on appelle <strong>Gouvernes.</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 124pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ceci va permettre de provoquer des rotations sur<u> 3 axes de l’avion</u> :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 132pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_198.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"458\" height=\"285\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l151\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark95\"></a>‌L’Axe de Tangage</p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 83pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.36.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 146pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Déplacement du manche d’avant en arrière.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ul id=\"l152\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Pousser le manche vers l’avant fait descendre la <strong>gouverne de profondeur </strong>qui porte davantage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 204pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>De ce fait, l’avion pique</u>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Tirer le manche vers l’arrière fait monter la <strong>gouverne de profondeur </strong>qui porte moins.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s8\" style=\"padding-left: 204pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">De ce fait, l’avion cabre.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_199.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"144\" height=\"237\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 28pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.37.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 66pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_200.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"625\" height=\"134\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.38.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>NB</u> : sur une configuration canard, tout est inversé.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l153\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Stabilité</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">L’avion est <strong>stable </strong>si en cas de perturbation (une rafale verticale de vent par exemple), il revient de lui-même à l’équilibre.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pour cela, il faut que le foyer avion F soit situé en arrière du centre de gravité de l’avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 166pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_201.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"363\" height=\"252\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.39.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"border: 2.0pt solid #000000; display: block; min-height: 21.6pt; width: 518.2pt;\">\r\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: left;\">Rafale =&gt; Incidence <span class=\"s80\">↗ </span>=&gt; Portance <span class=\"s80\">↗ </span>=&gt; Moment piqueur =&gt; Incidence <span class=\"s80\">↘</span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dans le cas contraire, l’avion pique encore plus du nez et c’est le décrochage !</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Le foyer de l’avion est situé un peu en arrière du foyer de la voilure principale, du fait de la contribution de l’empennage horizontal.</p>\r\n<ol id=\"l154\">\r\n<ol id=\"l155\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Centrage</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Le Centre de Gravité (CG) d’un avion n’est pas fixe, il dépend notamment du plan de chargement et de la consommation d’essence durant le vol, il faut donc établir un calcul de chargement pour équilibrer l’avion en vol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">La règle absolue de la stabilité est que CG doit toujours être en avant de F !</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">La distance FG est appelée <strong>marge statique</strong>, elle doit toujours être supérieure à 5% de la corde moyenne (limite de centrage arrière).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_202.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"489\" height=\"178\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.40.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Plus G est en avant de F (centrage avant), plus l’avion est <strong>stable </strong>mais moins il est <strong>maniable </strong>(il réagit plus lentement aux commandes) et <strong>manœuvrable </strong>(les efforts au manche sont plus importants).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">De plus, la déportance de l’empennage peut être trop importante (risque d’atteindre la butée, augmentation de la trainée de l’empennage et par conséquent une consommation d’essence ou de kérosène importante).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 55.794pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 21pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 166pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" bgcolor=\"#808080\"> </td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s81\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: center;\">Zone avant de la plage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 158pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s82\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: center;\">Zone arrière de la plage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 22pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 166pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Stabilité</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s81\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">AUGMENTE</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 158pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s82\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">DIMINUE</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 22pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 166pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Manoeuvrabilité</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s81\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">DIMINUE</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 158pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s82\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">AUGMENTE</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 43pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 166pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Braquage de la gouverne de</p>\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">profondeur</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s81\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">PLUS IMPORTANT</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 158pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s82\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">MOINS IMPORTANT</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 22pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 166pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: center;\">Trainée</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s81\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: center;\">AUGMENTE</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 158pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s82\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: center;\">DIMINUE</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 22pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 166pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: center;\">Consommation</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s81\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: center;\">AUGMENTE</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 158pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\r\n<p class=\"s82\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: center;\">DIMINUE</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s48\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Certains planeurs sont pourvus de réservoirs d’eau (water-ballast) qui permettent de déplacer le centre de gravité en cours de vol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s48\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\"><u>NB</u> : Les avions de chasse sont instables pour être plus maniables, mais les commandes de vol électriques corrigent en temps réel (vous le faites aussi inconsciemment sur votre vélo qui est instable en roulis).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 20pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_203.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"537\" height=\"48\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Le centrage d’un avion et sa consommation de carburant sont étroitement liés. La réduction de consommation est souvent faite de compromis, comme nous l’expliquons ci-dessous :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_204.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"305\" height=\"192\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Plus le centre de gravité est situé vers <strong>l’avant </strong>de l’appareil, plus le bras de levier sera important, et <strong>plus la traînée générée par la gouverne de profondeur sera importante</strong>. En conséquence, <strong>la consommation de carburant est élevée</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 66pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.41.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_205.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"302\" height=\"188\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">A l’inverse, plus le centre de gravité est situé vers <strong>l’arrière </strong>de l’appareil, plus le bras de levier sera faible, et <strong>plus la traînée générée par la gouverne de profondeur sera réduite</strong>. En conséquence, <strong>la consommation de carburant est basse.</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 76pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.42.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-bottom: 3pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Ainsi, on a tout intérêt à optimiser le chargement de l’avion afin d’obtenir un centrage le plus arrière possible – en restant bien-sûr dans la plage de centrage autorisée afin de respecter les conditions de stabilité de l’appareil – !</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 179pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_206.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"480\" height=\"5\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Assiette, pente, incidence</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_207.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"572\" height=\"221\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.43.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s9\" style=\"padding-left: 15pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">assiette = pente + incidence</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_208.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"397\" height=\"298\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">L’incidence de l’avion est différente de celle de l’aile du fait du calage non nul de cette dernière.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.44.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s48\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">L’objectif est de voler en croisière avec une assiette presque nulle (pour le confort des passagers et du personnel navigant mais aussi pour minimiser la trainée du fuselage) et d’avoir une portance non nulle au décollage (car l’assiette est nulle).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark96\"></a>‌L’Axe de Roulis</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 182pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Déplacement du manche de droite à gauche.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_209.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"515\" height=\"205\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.45.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l156\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les ailerons</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ul id=\"l157\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Pousser le manche à gauche fait monter l’aileron gauche vers le haut etl’aileron droit vers le bas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Alors la portance de l’aile gauche diminue et la portance de l’aile droite augmente.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s8\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Ceci provoque une inclinaison de l’avion vers la gauche.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le lacet inverse</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">La portance de l’aile montante augmente donc sa trainée également, ce qui provoque une rotation autour de l’axe de lacet : le nez de l’appareil part à l’extérieur du virage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_210.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"289\" height=\"217\"><span class=\"s22\"> Figure 1.46.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s83\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">NB : Cet effet peut être annulé avec un braquage dissymétrique des ailerons ou en utilisant les spoilers comme gouverne de gauchissement.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 252pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_211.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"133\" height=\"36\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Stabilité</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 111%; text-align: justify;\">Un avion est stable en roulis si sous l’effet d’une perturbation (une rafale de vent latérale par exemple), cela génère un moment de roulis dans le sens opposé à la perturbation.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">La stabilité en roulis <span class=\"p\">dépend des facteurs suivants :</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 84pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La flèche de la voilure</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 223pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_212.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"208\" height=\"167\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.47.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">En cas de vent latéral venant de la droite, l’aile droite verra une composante perpendiculaire au bord d’attaque plus important que l’aile gauche et portera plus, d’où un mouvement de roulis vers la gauche.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-bottom: 2pt; padding-left: 84pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le dièdre de la voilure</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 204pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_213.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"457\" height=\"125\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 1.48.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Un vent venant de la droite aura tendance à soulever l’aile droite.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 84pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La position de l’aile par rapport au fuselage</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_214.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"672\" height=\"115\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.49.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">C’est l’effet masque du fuselage qui génère une surpression du côté du vent. Le roulis engendré dépend de la position de l’aile.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Si la stabilité en roulis est trop importante, l’avion réagira trop lentement aux commandes. En général on associe la forme, la position et le dièdre de la manière suivante :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 60.584pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 3pt; border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2pt; border-right-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#4E67C6\">\r\n<p class=\"s84\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Type d’aile</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 162pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2pt; border-left-color: #FFFFFF; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 3pt; border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2pt; border-right-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#4E67C6\">\r\n<p class=\"s84\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Position</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2pt; border-left-color: #FFFFFF; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 3pt; border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#4E67C6\">\r\n<p class=\"s84\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Dièdre</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 3pt; border-top-color: #FFFFFF; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2pt; border-right-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#D0D2EB\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Droite</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 162pt; border-width: 3pt 2pt 1pt 2pt; border-color: #FFFFFF; border-style: solid;\" bgcolor=\"#D0D2EB\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Haute</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 3pt; border-top-color: #FFFFFF; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2pt; border-left-color: #FFFFFF; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#D0D2EB\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Environ nul</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: #FFFFFF; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2pt; border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2pt; border-right-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#E9EBF5\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Droite</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 162pt; border-width: 1pt 2pt 2pt 2pt; border-color: #FFFFFF; border-style: solid;\" bgcolor=\"#E9EBF5\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Basse</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: #FFFFFF; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2pt; border-left-color: #FFFFFF; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2pt; border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#E9EBF5\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Positif</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2pt; border-top-color: #FFFFFF; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2pt; border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2pt; border-right-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#D0D2EB\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">En flèche</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 162pt; border: 2pt solid #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#D0D2EB\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Basse</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2pt; border-top-color: #FFFFFF; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2pt; border-left-color: #FFFFFF; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2pt; border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#D0D2EB\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Faiblement positif</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 27pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2pt; border-top-color: #FFFFFF; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2pt; border-right-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#E9EBF5\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">En flèche</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 162pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2pt; border-top-color: #FFFFFF; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2pt; border-left-color: #FFFFFF; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2pt; border-right-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#E9EBF5\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Haute</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 161pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2pt; border-top-color: #FFFFFF; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2pt; border-left-color: #FFFFFF;\" bgcolor=\"#E9EBF5\">\r\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Fortement négatif</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: -25pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark97\"></a>‌L’axe de Lacet</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 204pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Manœuvre des palonniers (pédales).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l158\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-left: 127pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les palonniers</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l159\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">En appuyant sur le palonnier côté gauche, la gouverne de direction part vers la gauche.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_215.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"604\" height=\"175\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">En appuyant le palonnier côté droite, la gouverne de direction part vers la droite.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Figure 1.50.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\"><span class=\"s40\"></span> Cette action crée alors des forces aérodynamiques permettant de <u>faire</u> <u>tourner l\'avion autour de l\'axe de Lacet.</u></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s48\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\"><u>NB</u> : On ne peut pas sur un avion effectuer un virage à plat comme sur une automobile (du moins pas sur une durée et dans un espace raisonnable). Les forces aérodynamiques latérales sont trop faibles sur un avion moderne, 15% de la portance au plus). Il faut donc mettre du manche à droite ou à gauche et ainsi incliner la portance, créant une force latérale suffisante.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Lors du virage, il est nécessaire de <u>« mettre du pied »</u> du côté où l’on tourne afin de compenser le lacet inverse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Donc :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l160\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><strong>Virage à droite </strong>= <u>Manche</u> + <u>Palonnier à droite</u></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><strong>Virage à gauche </strong>= <u>Manche</u> + <u>Palonnier à gauche</u></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">En parallèle, il faut mettre un peu plus d’incidence pour compenser l’inclinaison de la portance et un peu plus de poussée pour compenser l’augmentation résultante de la trainée.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s25\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\"><u>NB</u> A vitesse donnée, le rayon du virage diminue lorsque l’inclinaison augmente.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s25\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">A inclinaison donnée, le rayon du virage augmente avec le carré de la vitesse</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-left: 127pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le lacet induit</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_216.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"200\" height=\"184\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Quand l’avion vire à gauche, l’aile droite parcours un plus grand chemin et va plus vite. Elle porte donc davantage et ceci incline l’avion vers la gauche.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 1.51.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\r\n<p class=\"s78\" style=\"padding-left: 127pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Dérapage et stabilité</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_217.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"194\" height=\"244\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">En cas de vent latéral en particulier, l’axe de l’avion n’est plus aligné avec la trajectoire. L’angle ainsi formé s’appelle <strong>l’angle de dérapage </strong>ou dérapage tout court. La trainée augmente fortement avec le dérapage.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">La stabilité en lacet est assurée par la présence de la dérive, ou empennage vertical à l’arrière de l’appareil : <strong>c’est l’effet girouette</strong>. Le vent venant de la gauche sur la figure ci- dessus génère un effort latéral vers la droite qui remet l’axe de l’avion dans la direction du vent.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 88pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.52.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l161\">\r\n<ol id=\"l162\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 124pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark98\"></a>‌Le Facteur de charge</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s86\" style=\"padding-left: 283pt; text-indent: -196pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Le facteur de charge = grandeur qui traduit l’effort appliqué à la structure de l’aéronef.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Il correspond donc au rapport entre la charge totale supportée par la structure d’un appareil et le poids réel de cet appareil. Il est sans unité mais il s’exprime souvent en</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« <strong>g </strong>»</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 165%; text-align: left;\">La plupart des avions légers peuvent supporter des facteurs de charge de + 4 à – 2 Les avions de voltige sont certifiés pour des facteurs de charge de + 6 à – 4</p>\r\n<p class=\"s8\" style=\"padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Ces valeurs sont des limites, qui figurent dans le manuel de vol de chaque avion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_218.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"530\" height=\"98\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s71\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Facteur de charge (vertical) = <u>Poids apparent</u></p>\r\n<p class=\"s71\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 171pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Poids réel (gravité)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s70\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Portance</p>\r\n<p class=\"s71\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Poids</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l163\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark99\"></a>‌En vol longitudinal</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_219.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"345\" height=\"265\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Un avion subit un facteur de charge positif quand la portance est orientée dans le sens habituel, vers le dessus de l’avion, et négatif dans le sens contraire.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Le pilote et ses passagers subissent le même facteur de charge que l’avion lors d’une évolution :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s37\" style=\"padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: justify;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_220.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"24\" height=\"7\"> <span class=\"s38\">facteur de charge supérieur à 1 = sensation de tassement</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_221.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"25\" height=\"7\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 31pt; text-align: justify;\">facteur de charge proche de 0 = sensation d’apesanteur <i>(Ex : Avion Zéro G)</i></p>\r\n<p class=\"s37\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_222.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"25\" height=\"7\"> <span class=\"s38\">facteur de charge négatif = sensation d’être projeté vers le haut</span></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 415pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.53.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Facteur de charge en palier</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">La portance est égale au poids : le facteur de charge est de 1</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Facteur de charge en montée / descente rectiligne</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">La portance est inférieure au poids : le facteur de charge est inférieur à 1</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark100\"></a>‌En virage symétrique</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">La portance doit augmenter pour équilibrer le poids et donc maintenir le vol en palier, c’est-à-dire à altitude constante.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ex : Lors d’un virage à 60°, le facteur de charge est égal à 2.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cela signifie que l’appareil doit supporter deux fois le poids de l’avion, et les occupants</p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">ont la sensation de peser 2 fois leur poids.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 91pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_223.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"538\" height=\"112\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.55.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark101\"></a>‌Facteur de charge et vitesse de décrochage</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dans tous les cas, l’avion doit voler au-dessus de la vitesse de décrochage, qui est une</p>\r\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">vitesse minimale.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La vitesse de décrochage varie également avec :</p>\r\n<ul id=\"l164\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">La masse</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: left;\">L’altitude</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: left;\">La configuration de l’avion (train, volets)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 22pt; padding-left: 127pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark102\"></a>‌Le décollage et l’atterrissage</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l165\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark103\"></a>‌Le décollage</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 222pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le décollage se fait en <u>4 étapes</u> :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 177pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_224.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"382\" height=\"237\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.56.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l166\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Pendant la phase de roulement, l’avion accélère sur la piste afin d’atteindre une vitesse, lui permettant d’assurer sa sustentation par une portance suffisante.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Lorsque la vitesse de décollage est atteinte, le pilote effectue la rotation pour placer l’avion à l’assiette de montée.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s8\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 145pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cela augmente la portance par augmentation de l’incidence.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 111%; text-align: left;\">L’avion quitte le sol et continue à accélérer vers sa vitesse de montée tout en prenant de l’altitude.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_225.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"715\" height=\"220\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s87\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 42pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">A SAVOIR :</p>\r\n<p class=\"s71\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 24pt; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Le décollage d’un avion se fait toujours face au vent pour décoller sur une distance plus courte.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s71\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 42pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’utilisation des volets permet de diminuer la vitesse nécessaire au décollage.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s88\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 42pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">La longueur de <span class=\"s71\">décollage augmente avec l’altitude et la température ainsi que la masse.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"4.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 111%; text-align: left;\">Le décollage se termine au <strong>passage de la hauteur de 15 m </strong>(50 ft) par rapport au sol pour les avions à hélice.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 15pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_226.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"668\" height=\"300\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.57.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark104\"></a>‌L’atterrissage</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 218pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’atterrissage se fait en <u>5 étapes</u> :</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l167\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’avion descend sur une pente finale stabilisée à la vitesse d’atterrissage.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Près du sol, le pilote « arrondit », c\'est-à-dire qu’il cabre l’avion pour réduire la pente de descente afin de venir tangenter (toucher) le sol.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">En même temps, il réduit complètement la puissance des moteurs. La vitesse décroit, ce qui réduit doucement la portance.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"4.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -38pt; text-align: left;\">Le pilote relève le nez de l’avion pour que le train d’atterrissage principal prenne contact avec le sol en premier.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_227.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"683\" height=\"259\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s87\" style=\"padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">A SAVOIR :</p>\r\n<p class=\"s71\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 35pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">L’atterrissage d’un avion se fait face au vent pour atterrir sur une plus courte distance.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s71\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 35pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">L’utilisation des pleins volets et des becs permet de réduire la vitesse d’approche.</p>\r\n<p class=\"s71\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 32pt; text-align: left;\">La distance d’atterrissage augmente essentiellement avec l’altitude et la température.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"5.\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Enfin arrive la phase de décélération qui permet de réduire la vitesse sur la piste avant de se diriger vers le parking.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark105\"></a>‌Partie 3 : Aérostation et vol spatial :</h1>\r\n<ol id=\"l168\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\r\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 18pt; padding-left: 111pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark106\"></a>‌L’aérostation</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<ol id=\"l169\">\r\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark107\"></a>‌La poussée d’Archimède</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_228.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"171\" height=\"217\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 15pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">« Tout corps plongé dans un fluide (c’est-à-dire un liquide ou un gaz) subit une poussée verticale, dirigée de bas en haut, égale au poids du fluide déplacé ».</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Cette loi a été énoncée par le savant grec <strong>Archimède </strong>(287 – 212 av. J.C.)</p>\r\n<p class=\"s48\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">La légende dit qu’il en prit brutalement conscience dans son bain, s’élançant alors dans la rue en criant <i>« Eurêka ! Eurêka ! »</i></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 366pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.58.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Si le corps est moins dense que le fluide, la poussée d’Archimède est supérieure au poids. Le corps monte.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 196pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_229.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"244\" height=\"199\"></p>\r\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 1.59.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark108\"></a>‌Les ballons à air chaud</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">L\'air chaud est moins dense que l\'air froid. Si la différence de température entre l\'intérieur et l\'extérieur de l\'enveloppe est suffisante, la poussée d\'Archimède est supérieure au poids total du ballon et il s\'élève.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">La température est contrôlée par des brûleurs</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark109\"></a>‌Les ballons à gaz</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Le dihydrogène et surtout l’hélium (non inflammable) sont moins denses que l’air.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\r\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark110\"></a>‌Contrôle de la trajectoire</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent