CREATE TABLE `mdl_task_log` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `type` smallint NOT NULL,
  `component` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `classname` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `userid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `timestart` decimal(20,10) NOT NULL,
  `timeend` decimal(20,10) NOT NULL,
  `dbreads` bigint NOT NULL,
  `dbwrites` bigint NOT NULL,
  `result` tinyint NOT NULL,
  `output` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `hostname` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `pid` bigint DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='The log table for all tasks' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

--
-- Déchargement des données de la table `mdl_task_log`
--

INSERT INTO `mdl_task_log` (`id`, `type`, `component`, `classname`, `userid`, `timestart`, `timeend`, `dbreads`, `dbwrites`, `result`, `output`, `hostname`, `pid`) VALUES
(1, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\session_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573137.7048000000, 1730573138.5566000000, 6, 410, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des anciennes sessions (core\\task\\session_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:37. Current memory use 17.3 Mo.\n... used 416 dbqueries\n... used 0.75917220115662 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des anciennes sessions (core\\task\\session_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(2, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\delete_unconfirmed_users_task', 0, 1730573138.6143000000, 1730573138.6164000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Suppression des comptes utilisateur non confirmés (core\\task\\delete_unconfirmed_users_task)\n... started 19:45:38. Current memory use 18.2 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0015659332275391 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Suppression des comptes utilisateur non confirmés (core\\task\\delete_unconfirmed_users_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(3, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\delete_incomplete_users_task', 0, 1730573138.6274000000, 1730573138.6278000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Suppression des comptes utilisateur incomplets (core\\task\\delete_incomplete_users_task)\n... started 19:45:38. Current memory use 18.2 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.103515625E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Suppression des comptes utilisateur incomplets (core\\task\\delete_incomplete_users_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(4, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\backup_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573141.0466000000, 1730573141.0756000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des tables, journaux et fichiers de sauvegarde (core\\task\\backup_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 38.7 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.028441905975342 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des tables, journaux et fichiers de sauvegarde (core\\task\\backup_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(5, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\tag_cron_task', 0, 1730573141.0905000000, 1730573141.1480000000, 5, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des tags (core\\task\\tag_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 38.8 Mo.\n... used 6 dbqueries\n... used 0.057143211364746 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des tags (core\\task\\tag_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(6, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\context_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573141.1623000000, 1730573141.2122000000, 10, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des contextes (core\\task\\context_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 38.9 Mo.\n Cleaned up context instances\n... used 11 dbqueries\n... used 0.049450159072876 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des contextes (core\\task\\context_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(7, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\cache_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573141.2268000000, 1730573141.2292000000, 0, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Suppression des éléments en cache échus (core\\task\\cache_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 39.0 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0020821094512939 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Suppression des éléments en cache échus (core\\task\\cache_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(8, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\messaging_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573141.2395000000, 1730573141.3337000000, 1, 4, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des messages (core\\task\\messaging_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 39.0 Mo.\n... used 5 dbqueries\n... used 0.093831062316895 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des messages (core\\task\\messaging_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(9, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task', 0, 1730573141.3463000000, 1730573141.3487000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des nouveaux mots de passe (core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 39.4 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0020349025726318 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des nouveaux mots de passe (core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(10, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task', 0, 1730573141.3718000000, 1730573141.3722000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications d’échec de connexion (core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 39.4 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 5.6028366088867E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications d’échec de connexion (core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(11, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\create_contexts_task', 0, 1730573141.3847000000, 1730573141.3958000000, 9, 2, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Création des contextes manquants (core\\task\\create_contexts_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 39.4 Mo.\n Created missing context instances\n... used 11 dbqueries\n... used 0.010802030563354 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Création des contextes manquants (core\\task\\create_contexts_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(12, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\grade_cron_task', 0, 1730573141.4076000000, 1730573141.4239000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du carnet de notes (core\\task\\grade_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 39.4 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.015996932983398 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du carnet de notes (core\\task\\grade_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(13, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\grade_history_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573141.4465000000, 1730573141.4469000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du nettoyage des tables d’historiques de notes (core\\task\\grade_history_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 39.5 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.0081481933594E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du nettoyage des tables d’historiques de notes (core\\task\\grade_history_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(14, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\completion_regular_task', 0, 1730573141.4584000000, 1730573141.5514000000, 6, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Calcul des données d’achèvement (core\\task\\completion_regular_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 39.5 Mo.\nAggregating completions\n... used 6 dbqueries\n... used 0.092612981796265 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Calcul des données d’achèvement (core\\task\\completion_regular_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(15, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\completion_daily_task', 0, 1730573141.5632000000, 1730573141.5670000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Marquage des achèvements comme commencés (core\\task\\completion_daily_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 40.4 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.003183126449585 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Marquage des achèvements comme commencés (core\\task\\completion_daily_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(16, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task', 0, 1730573141.5800000000, 1730573141.5806000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des plugins de portfolio (core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 40.4 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 9.5844268798828E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des plugins de portfolio (core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(17, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task', 0, 1730573141.5913000000, 1730573141.5919000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des cron obsolètes des plugins de détection de plagiat (core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 40.4 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 8.082389831543E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des cron obsolètes des plugins de détection de plagiat (core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(18, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\calendar_cron_task', 0, 1730573141.6039000000, 1730573141.6537000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications de calendrier (core\\task\\calendar_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 40.4 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.049362897872925 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications de calendrier (core\\task\\calendar_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(19, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\blog_cron_task', 0, 1730573141.6656000000, 1730573141.7066000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Synchronisation des blogs externes (core\\task\\blog_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 40.8 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.04050087928772 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Synchronisation des blogs externes (core\\task\\blog_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(20, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573141.7178000000, 1730573141.7258000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage en tâche de fond des prévisualisations de question (core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 41.0 Mo.\n\n  Cleaning up old question previews...done.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0074689388275146 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage en tâche de fond des prévisualisations de question (core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(21, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\registration_cron_task', 0, 1730573141.7378000000, 1730573143.9620000000, 25, 0, 1, 'Execute scheduled task: Enregistrement du site (core\\task\\registration_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:41. Current memory use 41.1 Mo.\n... used 25 dbqueries\n... used 2.223680973053 seconds\nScheduled task failed: Enregistrement du site (core\\task\\registration_cron_task),hub/errorconnect\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(22, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\check_for_updates_task', 0, 1730573143.9837000000, 1730573144.8594000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Recherche des mises à jour (core\\task\\check_for_updates_task)\n... started 19:45:43. Current memory use 50.3 Mo.\nOutdated or missing info about available updates, forced fetching ... FAILED!\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.87520599365234 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Recherche des mises à jour (core\\task\\check_for_updates_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(23, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\cache_cron_task', 0, 1730573144.8882000000, 1730573144.8898000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des caches (core\\task\\cache_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:44. Current memory use 51.7 Mo.\nCleaning up stale session data from cache stores.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.00037908554077148 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des caches (core\\task\\cache_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(24, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\automated_backup_task', 0, 1730573144.9030000000, 1730573144.9183000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_task)\n... started 19:45:44. Current memory use 51.7 Mo.\nChecking automated backup status...INACTIVE\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.014838933944702 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(25, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\badges_cron_task', 0, 1730573144.9328000000, 1730573144.9346000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Tâche ad hoc de délivrance de badges (core\\task\\badges_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:44. Current memory use 51.8 Mo.\n0 adhoc badge tasks were added\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0013058185577393 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Tâche ad hoc de délivrance de badges (core\\task\\badges_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(26, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\badges_message_task', 0, 1730573144.9720000000, 1730573144.9732000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond de l’envoi des notifications de badge (core\\task\\badges_message_task)\n... started 19:45:44. Current memory use 51.8 Mo.\nSending scheduled badge notifications.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.00085306167602539 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond de l’envoi des notifications de badge (core\\task\\badges_message_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(27, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\file_temp_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573145.0007000000, 1730573145.0729000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Suppression des fichiers temporaires inutilisés (core\\task\\file_temp_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 51.8 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.071762084960938 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Suppression des fichiers temporaires inutilisés (core\\task\\file_temp_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(28, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\file_trash_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573145.0860000000, 1730573145.2462000000, 16, 5, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des fichiers de la corbeille (core\\task\\file_trash_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 51.8 Mo.\nDeleting old draft files... ... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 51.9 Mo.\ndone.\nDeleting orphaned preview, and document conversion files... ... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 51.9 Mo.\ndone.\nCleaning up files from deleted contexts... ... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 51.9 Mo.\ndone.\nCall filesystem cron tasks.... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 51.9 Mo.\ndone.\n... used 21 dbqueries\n... used 0.15974712371826 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des fichiers de la corbeille (core\\task\\file_trash_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(29, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\search_index_task', 0, 1730573145.2710000000, 1730573145.3151000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Indexation pour recherche globale (core\\task\\search_index_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 51.8 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.043606996536255 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Indexation pour recherche globale (core\\task\\search_index_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(30, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\search_optimize_task', 0, 1730573145.3382000000, 1730573145.3387000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Optimisation de l’index de recherche globale (core\\task\\search_optimize_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 52.1 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 5.8174133300781E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Optimisation de l’index de recherche globale (core\\task\\search_optimize_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(31, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\stats_cron_task', 0, 1730573145.3761000000, 1730573145.3765000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des statistiques (core\\task\\stats_cron_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 52.1 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 5.5074691772461E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des statistiques (core\\task\\stats_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(32, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\password_reset_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573145.3900000000, 1730573145.3951000000, 0, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des tentatives de réinitialisation de mot de passe (core\\task\\password_reset_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 52.1 Mo.\n Cleaned up old password reset records\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0047080516815186 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des tentatives de réinitialisation de mot de passe (core\\task\\password_reset_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(33, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\complete_plans_task', 0, 1730573145.4088000000, 1730573145.5374000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Achèvement des plans de formation à rendre (core\\task\\complete_plans_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 52.2 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.095107078552246 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Achèvement des plans de formation à rendre (core\\task\\complete_plans_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(34, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\sync_plans_from_template_cohorts_task', 0, 1730573145.5553000000, 1730573145.5703000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Synchronisation des plans de formation depuis les modèles de plan de cohorte (core\\task\\sync_plans_from_template_cohorts_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 53.0 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.01429295539856 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Synchronisation des plans de formation depuis les modèles de plan de cohorte (core\\task\\sync_plans_from_template_cohorts_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(35, 0, 'moodle', 'core_files\\task\\conversion_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573145.5893000000, 1730573145.6037000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des enregistrements temporaires des conversions de fichiers (core_files\\task\\conversion_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 53.0 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.013916015625 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des enregistrements temporaires des conversions de fichiers (core_files\\task\\conversion_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(36, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\oauth2\\refresh_system_tokens_task', 0, 1730573145.6355000000, 1730573145.6421000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Renouveler les jetons OAuth des comptes de service (core\\oauth2\\refresh_system_tokens_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 53.1 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0062129497528076 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Renouveler les jetons OAuth des comptes de service (core\\oauth2\\refresh_system_tokens_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(37, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\analytics_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573145.6552000000, 1730573146.3969000000, 20, 4, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des analyses de données (core\\task\\analytics_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:45. Current memory use 53.1 Mo.\n... used 24 dbqueries\n... used 0.74126315116882 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des analyses de données (core\\task\\analytics_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(38, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\task_log_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573146.4114000000, 1730573146.4162000000, 2, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des journaux des tâches (core\\task\\task_log_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:46. Current memory use 54.6 Mo.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.0041120052337646 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des journaux des tâches (core\\task\\task_log_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(39, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\h5p_get_content_types_task', 0, 1730573146.4422000000, 1730573146.6526000000, 0, 0, 1, 'Execute scheduled task: Télécharger depuis h5p.org les types de contenus H5P disponibles (core\\task\\h5p_get_content_types_task)\n... started 19:45:46. Current memory use 54.6 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.20998001098633 seconds\nScheduled task failed: Télécharger depuis h5p.org les types de contenus H5P disponibles (core\\task\\h5p_get_content_types_task),Valeur retournée incorrecte détectée\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(40, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\h5p_clean_orphaned_records_task', 0, 1730573146.6668000000, 1730573146.6731000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des fichiers H5P inutilisés (core\\task\\h5p_clean_orphaned_records_task)\n... started 19:45:46. Current memory use 55.7 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0056319236755371 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des fichiers H5P inutilisés (core\\task\\h5p_clean_orphaned_records_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(41, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\antivirus_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573146.6860000000, 1730573146.7289000000, 0, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyer le dossier de quarantaine. (core\\task\\antivirus_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:46. Current memory use 55.7 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.041857957839966 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyer le dossier de quarantaine. (core\\task\\antivirus_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(42, 0, 'moodle', 'core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules', 0, 1730573146.7618000000, 1730573146.7957000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Programmations d’envoi de rapports (core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules)\n... started 19:45:46. Current memory use 55.8 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.032121896743774 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Programmations d’envoi de rapports (core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(43, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\task_lock_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573146.8122000000, 1730573146.8150000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyer les méta-données de tâches ad hoc (core\\task\\task_lock_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:46. Current memory use 55.9 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0020971298217773 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyer les méta-données de tâches ad hoc (core\\task\\task_lock_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(44, 0, 'moodle', 'core_xapi\\task\\state_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573146.8579000000, 1730573146.9595000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des états xAPI enregistrés (core_xapi\\task\\state_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:46. Current memory use 55.9 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.07566499710083 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des états xAPI enregistrés (core_xapi\\task\\state_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(45, 0, 'moodle', 'core_communication\\task\\synchronise_providers_task', 0, 1730573147.0218000000, 1730573147.0339000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Synchroniser les fournisseurs de communication (core_communication\\task\\synchronise_providers_task)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 56.1 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.010187149047852 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Synchroniser les fournisseurs de communication (core_communication\\task\\synchronise_providers_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(46, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task', 0, 1730573147.0463000000, 1730573147.0473000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Rapport des sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 56.2 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 9.8943710327148E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Rapport des sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(47, 0, 'mod_assign', 'mod_assign\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573147.0756000000, 1730573147.2212000000, 4, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du module devoir (mod_assign\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 56.3 Mo.\n... used 4 dbqueries\n... used 0.14457488059998 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du module devoir (mod_assign\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(48, 0, 'mod_forum', 'mod_forum\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573147.2817000000, 1730573147.2947000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des messages et maintenance des forums (mod_forum\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 57.0 Mo.\nRemoving old digest records from 7 days ago.\nRemoved all old digest records.\nFetching unmailed posts.\n  No posts found.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.011969089508057 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des messages et maintenance des forums (mod_forum\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(49, 0, 'mod_lti', 'mod_lti\\task\\clean_access_tokens', 0, 1730573147.3089000000, 1730573147.3138000000, 0, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Suppression des jetons d’accès échus de l’outil externe (mod_lti\\task\\clean_access_tokens)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 57.1 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0041630268096924 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Suppression des jetons d’accès échus de l’outil externe (mod_lti\\task\\clean_access_tokens)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(50, 0, 'mod_quiz', 'mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts', 0, 1730573147.3617000000, 1730573147.3793000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Mise à jour des tentatives de test en retard (mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 57.5 Mo.\n  Looking for quiz overdue quiz attempts...\n  Considered 0 attempts in 0 quizzes.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.016764163970947 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Mise à jour des tentatives de test en retard (mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(51, 0, 'mod_quiz', 'mod_quiz\\task\\quiz_notify_attempt_manual_grading_completed', 0, 1730573147.4061000000, 1730573147.4078000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoyer des notifications d’évaluation des tentatives (mod_quiz\\task\\quiz_notify_attempt_manual_grading_completed)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 57.5 Mo.\nLooking for quiz attempts which may need a graded notification sent...\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0011029243469238 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoyer des notifications d’évaluation des tentatives (mod_quiz\\task\\quiz_notify_attempt_manual_grading_completed)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(52, 0, 'mod_scorm', 'mod_scorm\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573147.4228000000, 1730573147.4553000000, 3, 2, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Processus en tâche de fond pour SCORM (mod_scorm\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 57.6 Mo.\nUpdating scorm packages which require daily update\n... used 5 dbqueries\n... used 0.031790971755981 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Processus en tâche de fond pour SCORM (mod_scorm\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(53, 0, 'mod_workshop', 'mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573147.4910000000, 1730573147.4992000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du module Atelier (mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 57.9 Mo.\n processing workshop subplugins ...\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0073590278625488 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du module Atelier (mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(54, 0, 'enrol_cohort', 'enrol_cohort\\task\\enrol_cohort_sync', 0, 1730573147.7245000000, 1730573147.7852000000, 7, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Synchronisation des inscriptions de cohortes (enrol_cohort\\task\\enrol_cohort_sync)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 58.0 Mo.\n... used 7 dbqueries\n... used 0.059813976287842 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Synchronisation des inscriptions de cohortes (enrol_cohort\\task\\enrol_cohort_sync)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(55, 0, 'enrol_manual', 'enrol_manual\\task\\sync_enrolments', 0, 1730573147.9635000000, 1730573147.9656000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Tâche de synchronisation des inscriptions manuelles (enrol_manual\\task\\sync_enrolments)\n... started 19:45:47. Current memory use 58.5 Mo.\nVerifying manual enrolment expiration...\n...manual enrolment updates finished.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.0011379718780518 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Tâche de synchronisation des inscriptions manuelles (enrol_manual\\task\\sync_enrolments)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(56, 0, 'enrol_manual', 'enrol_manual\\task\\send_expiry_notifications', 0, 1730573148.2001000000, 1730573148.2065000000, 2, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications d’échéance des inscriptions manuelles (enrol_manual\\task\\send_expiry_notifications)\n... started 19:45:48. Current memory use 58.5 Mo.\nProcessing manual enrolment expiration notifications...\n...notification processing finished.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.0054159164428711 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications d’échéance des inscriptions manuelles (enrol_manual\\task\\send_expiry_notifications)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(57, 0, 'enrol_self', 'enrol_self\\task\\sync_enrolments', 0, 1730573148.2824000000, 1730573148.2891000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Tâche de synchronisation des auto-inscriptions (enrol_self\\task\\sync_enrolments)\n... started 19:45:48. Current memory use 58.6 Mo.\nVerifying self-enrolments...\n...user self-enrolment updates finished.\nNo expired enrol_self enrolments detected\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.005781888961792 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Tâche de synchronisation des auto-inscriptions (enrol_self\\task\\sync_enrolments)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(58, 0, 'enrol_self', 'enrol_self\\task\\send_expiry_notifications', 0, 1730573148.3150000000, 1730573148.3203000000, 2, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications d’échéance des auto-inscriptions (enrol_self\\task\\send_expiry_notifications)\n... started 19:45:48. Current memory use 58.6 Mo.\nProcessing self enrolment expiration notifications...\n...notification processing finished.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.0046911239624023 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications d’échéance des auto-inscriptions (enrol_self\\task\\send_expiry_notifications)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(59, 0, 'message_email', 'message_email\\task\\send_email_task', 0, 1730573148.3610000000, 1730573148.5911000000, 3, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envois des récapitulatifs des messages (message_email\\task\\send_email_task)\n... started 19:45:48. Current memory use 58.6 Mo.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.22951602935791 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envois des récapitulatifs des messages (message_email\\task\\send_email_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(60, 0, 'block_recent_activity', 'block_recent_activity\\task\\cleanup', 0, 1730573148.6245000000, 1730573148.6325000000, 0, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage du bloc activités récentes (block_recent_activity\\task\\cleanup)\n... started 19:45:48. Current memory use 59.1 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0033290386199951 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage du bloc activités récentes (block_recent_activity\\task\\cleanup)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(61, 0, 'editor_atto', 'editor_atto\\task\\autosave_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573148.6807000000, 1730573148.6863000000, 0, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Suppression des brouillons échus de l’éditeur (editor_atto\\task\\autosave_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:48. Current memory use 59.1 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0049819946289062 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Suppression des brouillons échus de l’éditeur (editor_atto\\task\\autosave_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(62, 0, 'tool_analytics', 'tool_analytics\\task\\train_models', 0, 1730573148.7937000000, 1730573148.7958000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Entraîner les modèles (tool_analytics\\task\\train_models)\n... started 19:45:48. Current memory use 59.2 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0014028549194336 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Entraîner les modèles (tool_analytics\\task\\train_models)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(63, 0, 'tool_analytics', 'tool_analytics\\task\\predict_models', 0, 1730573148.8242000000, 1730573149.0006000000, 19, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Modèles de prédiction (tool_analytics\\task\\predict_models)\n... started 19:45:48. Current memory use 59.2 Mo.\n-->Activités à venir à effectuer résultats\nRésultats de prédictions\n!! Pas de nouveaux éléments d’où tirer des prédictions. !!\nAnalysing id \"1\" with \"Du début à la fin\" time splitting method...\n-->Cours risquant de ne pas avoir lieu résultats\nRésultats de prédictions\n!! Pas de nouveaux éléments d’où tirer des prédictions. !!\n-->Étudiant qui n’ont pas accédé récemment au cours résultats\nRésultats de prédictions\n!! Pas de nouveaux éléments d’où tirer des prédictions. !!\n-->Étudiants qui n’ont pas encore accédé au cours résultats\nRésultats de prédictions\n!! Pas de nouveaux éléments d’où tirer des prédictions. !!\n... used 20 dbqueries\n... used 0.1759078502655 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Modèles de prédiction (tool_analytics\\task\\predict_models)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(64, 0, 'tool_brickfield', 'tool_brickfield\\task\\bulk_process_courses', 0, 1730573149.0509000000, 1730573149.1141000000, 14, 8, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traiter en masse les vérifications d’accessibilité (tool_brickfield\\task\\bulk_process_courses)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 60.3 Mo.\n... used 22 dbqueries\n... used 0.051805973052979 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traiter en masse les vérifications d’accessibilité (tool_brickfield\\task\\bulk_process_courses)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(65, 0, 'tool_brickfield', 'tool_brickfield\\task\\bulk_process_caches', 0, 1730573149.1396000000, 1730573149.1453000000, 2, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traiter en masse la mise en cache (tool_brickfield\\task\\bulk_process_caches)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 60.5 Mo.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.0049738883972168 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traiter en masse la mise en cache (tool_brickfield\\task\\bulk_process_caches)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(66, 0, 'tool_brickfield', 'tool_brickfield\\task\\checkid_validation', 0, 1730573149.1712000000, 1730573149.1775000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Tâche de vérification des checkids non valides (tool_brickfield\\task\\checkid_validation)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 60.5 Mo.\nRunning checkid_validation\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0057199001312256 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Tâche de vérification des checkids non valides (tool_brickfield\\task\\checkid_validation)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(67, 0, 'tool_brickfield', 'tool_brickfield\\task\\update_summarydata', 0, 1730573149.2051000000, 1730573149.2218000000, 2, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Mise à jour des données récapitulatives du site (tool_brickfield\\task\\update_summarydata)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 60.5 Mo.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.016175031661987 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Mise à jour des données récapitulatives du site (tool_brickfield\\task\\update_summarydata)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(68, 0, 'tool_brickfield', 'tool_brickfield\\task\\process_analysis_requests', 0, 1730573149.2510000000, 1730573149.2785000000, 2, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traiter les demandes d’analyse de contenu (tool_brickfield\\task\\process_analysis_requests)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 60.5 Mo.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.026798009872437 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traiter les demandes d’analyse de contenu (tool_brickfield\\task\\process_analysis_requests)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(69, 0, 'tool_cohortroles', 'tool_cohortroles\\task\\cohort_role_sync', 0, 1730573149.3265000000, 1730573149.3545000000, 2, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Synchronisation des attributions de rôle (tool_cohortroles\\task\\cohort_role_sync)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 60.5 Mo.\nSync cohort roles...\nAdded 0\nRemoved 0\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.027077913284302 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Synchronisation des attributions de rôle (tool_cohortroles\\task\\cohort_role_sync)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(70, 0, 'tool_dataprivacy', 'tool_dataprivacy\\task\\expired_retention_period', 0, 1730573149.3960000000, 1730573149.4387000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Durée de conservation échue (tool_dataprivacy\\task\\expired_retention_period)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 60.7 Mo.\nChecking requirements\n  Requirements not met. Cannot process expired retentions.\nFlagged 0 course contexts, and 0 user contexts as expired\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.041468858718872 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Durée de conservation échue (tool_dataprivacy\\task\\expired_retention_period)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(71, 0, 'tool_dataprivacy', 'tool_dataprivacy\\task\\delete_expired_contexts', 0, 1730573149.4687000000, 1730573149.4695000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Supprimer les contextes échus (tool_dataprivacy\\task\\delete_expired_contexts)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 60.8 Mo.\nChecking requirements\n  Requirements not met. Cannot process expired retentions.\nProcessed deletions for 0 course contexts, and 0 user contexts as expired\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.00010418891906738 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Supprimer les contextes échus (tool_dataprivacy\\task\\delete_expired_contexts)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(72, 0, 'tool_dataprivacy', 'tool_dataprivacy\\task\\delete_expired_requests', 0, 1730573149.4937000000, 1730573149.5089000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Supprimer les fichiers d’exportation des demandes de données échues (tool_dataprivacy\\task\\delete_expired_requests)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 60.8 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.014533996582031 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Supprimer les fichiers d’exportation des demandes de données échues (tool_dataprivacy\\task\\delete_expired_requests)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(73, 0, 'tool_langimport', 'tool_langimport\\task\\update_langpacks_task', 0, 1730573149.5366000000, 1730573149.5939000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Mettre à jour les paquetages de langue installés (tool_langimport\\task\\update_langpacks_task)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 61.0 Mo.\nTéléchargement de la liste des mises à jour des langues impossible\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.056535005569458 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Mettre à jour les paquetages de langue installés (tool_langimport\\task\\update_langpacks_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(74, 0, 'tool_messageinbound', 'tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task', 0, 1730573149.6268000000, 1730573149.7241000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Récolte des courriels entrant (tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 61.3 Mo.\nInbound Message not fully configured - exiting early.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.096328020095825 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Récolte des courriels entrant (tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(75, 0, 'tool_messageinbound', 'tool_messageinbound\\task\\cleanup_task', 0, 1730573149.7492000000, 1730573149.7539000000, 0, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des courriels reçus non vérifiés (tool_messageinbound\\task\\cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 62.3 Mo.\nInbound Message not fully configured - exiting early.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.003957986831665 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des courriels reçus non vérifiés (tool_messageinbound\\task\\cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(76, 0, 'tool_monitor', 'tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events', 0, 1730573149.7944000000, 1730573149.7961000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des événements de la surveillance d’événements (tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 62.4 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.0010941028594971 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des événements de la surveillance d’événements (tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(77, 0, 'tool_monitor', 'tool_monitor\\task\\check_subscriptions', 0, 1730573149.8301000000, 1730573149.8309000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Activer/désactiver l’abonnement aux règles non valides (tool_monitor\\task\\check_subscriptions)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 62.5 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.7949295043945E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Activer/désactiver l’abonnement aux règles non valides (tool_monitor\\task\\check_subscriptions)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(78, 0, 'tool_recyclebin', 'tool_recyclebin\\task\\cleanup_course_bin', 0, 1730573149.8871000000, 1730573149.9130000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des corbeilles de cours (tool_recyclebin\\task\\cleanup_course_bin)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 62.5 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.02512001991272 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des corbeilles de cours (tool_recyclebin\\task\\cleanup_course_bin)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(79, 0, 'tool_recyclebin', 'tool_recyclebin\\task\\cleanup_category_bin', 0, 1730573149.9424000000, 1730573149.9592000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des corbeilles de catégorie (tool_recyclebin\\task\\cleanup_category_bin)\n... started 19:45:49. Current memory use 62.5 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.016166925430298 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des corbeilles de catégorie (tool_recyclebin\\task\\cleanup_category_bin)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(80, 0, 'cachestore_redis', 'cachestore_redis\\task\\ttl', 0, 1730573150.0151000000, 1730573150.0159000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Libérer la mémoire utilisée par les caches Redis expirées (cachestore_redis\\task\\ttl)\n... started 19:45:50. Current memory use 62.5 Mo.\nNo TTL caches assigned to a Redis store; nothing to do.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 8.6069107055664E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Libérer la mémoire utilisée par les caches Redis expirées (cachestore_redis\\task\\ttl)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(81, 0, 'ltiservice_gradebookservices', 'ltiservice_gradebookservices\\task\\cleanup_task', 0, 1730573150.0624000000, 1730573150.1439000000, 0, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des tables des services de devoirs et de notes IMS LTI (ltiservice_gradebookservices\\task\\cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:50. Current memory use 62.5 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.08067798614502 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des tables des services de devoirs et de notes IMS LTI (ltiservice_gradebookservices\\task\\cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(82, 0, 'workshopallocation_scheduled', 'workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573150.1860000000, 1730573150.1928000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond pour l’attribution automatique des évaluations (workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:45:50. Current memory use 63.4 Mo.\n... no workshops awaiting scheduled allocation. ... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0060229301452637 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond pour l’attribution automatique des évaluations (workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(83, 0, 'logstore_standard', 'logstore_standard\\task\\cleanup_task', 0, 1730573150.2393000000, 1730573150.2411000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage de la table des journaux (logstore_standard\\task\\cleanup_task)\n... started 19:45:50. Current memory use 63.1 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.0010190010070801 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage de la table des journaux (logstore_standard\\task\\cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(84, 0, 'theme_snap', 'theme_snap\\task\\refresh_deadline_caches_task', 0, 1730573150.3748000000, 1730573150.4012000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Actualiser les données mises en cache des échéances. Cela devrait être exécuté avant que tous les utilisateurs ne se connectent. (theme_snap\\task\\refresh_deadline_caches_task)\n... started 19:45:50. Current memory use 63.2 Mo.\nN’a pas cherché de données à remplir. Veuillez activer le paramètre « Actualiser les échéances à l’aide d’une tâche planifiée » dans les paramètres du menu Personnel de Snap pour permettre à cette tâche de remplir les données mises en cache des échéances.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.025315999984741 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Actualiser les données mises en cache des échéances. Cela devrait être exécuté avant que tous les utilisateurs ne se connectent. (theme_snap\\task\\refresh_deadline_caches_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(85, 0, 'theme_snap', 'theme_snap\\task\\reset_deadlines_query_count_task', 0, 1730573150.4444000000, 1730573150.4466000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Réinitialiser le nombre de requêtes de délais (theme_snap\\task\\reset_deadlines_query_count_task)\n... started 19:45:50. Current memory use 63.5 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.0015530586242676 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Réinitialiser le nombre de requêtes de délais (theme_snap\\task\\reset_deadlines_query_count_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(86, 1, 'tool_moodlenet', 'tool_moodlenet\\task\\post_install', 0, 1730573150.5328000000, 1730573150.5373000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: tool_moodlenet\\task\\post_install\nAdhoc task id: 1\nAdhoc task custom data: \n... started 19:45:50. Current memory use 63.6 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0033259391784668 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: tool_moodlenet\\task\\post_install\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(87, 1, 'core', 'core\\task\\send_login_notifications', 2, 1730573150.5545000000, 1730573151.1672000000, 10, 2, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\nAdhoc task id: 2\nAdhoc task custom data: {\"ismoodleapp\":false,\"useragent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:131.0) Gecko\\/20100101 Firefox\\/131.0\",\"loginip\":\"79.93.0.152\",\"logintime\":1728245637}\n... started 19:45:50. Current memory use 63.6 Mo.\nSending login notification to bruno.bernard\nError: lib/moodlelib.php email_to_user(): Could not instantiate mail function.\nFailed to send notification\n... used 12 dbqueries\n... used 0.61199283599854 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(88, 1, 'core', 'core\\task\\send_login_notifications', 2, 1730573151.1807000000, 1730573151.2077000000, 6, 2, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\nAdhoc task id: 3\nAdhoc task custom data: {\"ismoodleapp\":false,\"useragent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:131.0) Gecko\\/20100101 Firefox\\/131.0\",\"loginip\":\"79.93.0.152\",\"logintime\":1728334284}\n... started 19:45:51. Current memory use 65.1 Mo.\nSending login notification to bruno.bernard\nError: lib/moodlelib.php email_to_user(): Could not instantiate mail function.\nFailed to send notification\n... used 8 dbqueries\n... used 0.024992942810059 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(89, 1, 'core', 'core\\task\\send_login_notifications', 2, 1730573151.2211000000, 1730573151.2490000000, 6, 2, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\nAdhoc task id: 4\nAdhoc task custom data: {\"ismoodleapp\":false,\"useragent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:131.0) Gecko\\/20100101 Firefox\\/131.0\",\"loginip\":\"2a01:e0a:8d0:ba70:a05e:87b0:8a35:1033\",\"logintime\":1728727237}\n... started 19:45:51. Current memory use 65.1 Mo.\nSending login notification to bruno.bernard\nError: lib/moodlelib.php email_to_user(): Could not instantiate mail function.\nFailed to send notification\n... used 8 dbqueries\n... used 0.025681972503662 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(90, 1, 'core', 'core\\task\\send_login_notifications', 2, 1730573151.2630000000, 1730573151.2890000000, 6, 2, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\nAdhoc task id: 5\nAdhoc task custom data: {\"ismoodleapp\":false,\"useragent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:130.0) Gecko\\/20100101 Firefox\\/130.0\",\"loginip\":\"2a01:e0a:8d0:ba70:143d:df5a:707d:9a78\",\"logintime\":1728729456}\n... started 19:45:51. Current memory use 65.1 Mo.\nSending login notification to bruno.bernard\nError: lib/moodlelib.php email_to_user(): Could not instantiate mail function.\nFailed to send notification\n... used 8 dbqueries\n... used 0.02402400970459 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328);
INSERT INTO `mdl_task_log` (`id`, `type`, `component`, `classname`, `userid`, `timestart`, `timeend`, `dbreads`, `dbwrites`, `result`, `output`, `hostname`, `pid`) VALUES
(91, 1, 'core', 'core\\task\\send_login_notifications', 2, 1730573151.3010000000, 1730573151.3251000000, 6, 2, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\nAdhoc task id: 6\nAdhoc task custom data: {\"ismoodleapp\":false,\"useragent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:130.0) Gecko\\/20100101 Firefox\\/130.0\",\"loginip\":\"2a01:e0a:8d0:ba70:76b6:eec1:9d6b:6f63\",\"logintime\":1728751543}\n... started 19:45:51. Current memory use 65.1 Mo.\nSending login notification to bruno.bernard\nError: lib/moodlelib.php email_to_user(): Could not instantiate mail function.\nFailed to send notification\n... used 8 dbqueries\n... used 0.022121906280518 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(92, 1, 'core', 'core\\task\\send_login_notifications', 2, 1730573151.3377000000, 1730573151.3609000000, 6, 2, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\nAdhoc task id: 7\nAdhoc task custom data: {\"ismoodleapp\":false,\"useragent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:130.0) Gecko\\/20100101 Firefox\\/130.0\",\"loginip\":\"2a01:e0a:8d0:ba70:bafd:c705:fbc8:8a10\",\"logintime\":1728989466}\n... started 19:45:51. Current memory use 65.1 Mo.\nSending login notification to bruno.bernard\nError: lib/moodlelib.php email_to_user(): Could not instantiate mail function.\nFailed to send notification\n... used 8 dbqueries\n... used 0.021238088607788 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(93, 1, 'core', 'core\\task\\send_login_notifications', 2, 1730573151.3730000000, 1730573151.3976000000, 6, 2, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\nAdhoc task id: 8\nAdhoc task custom data: {\"ismoodleapp\":false,\"useragent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:131.0) Gecko\\/20100101 Firefox\\/131.0\",\"loginip\":\"2a01:e0a:8d0:ba70:4402:b867:f36a:c1f3\",\"logintime\":1730204293}\n... started 19:45:51. Current memory use 65.1 Mo.\nSending login notification to bruno.bernard\nError: lib/moodlelib.php email_to_user(): Could not instantiate mail function.\nFailed to send notification\n... used 8 dbqueries\n... used 0.022587060928345 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(94, 1, 'core', 'core\\task\\send_login_notifications', 2, 1730573151.4100000000, 1730573151.4356000000, 6, 2, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\nAdhoc task id: 9\nAdhoc task custom data: {\"ismoodleapp\":false,\"useragent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:131.0) Gecko\\/20100101 Firefox\\/131.0\",\"loginip\":\"2a01:e0a:8d0:ba70:b3e3:d8e2:b7d8:91e\",\"logintime\":1730268137}\n... started 19:45:51. Current memory use 65.1 Mo.\nSending login notification to bruno.bernard\nError: lib/moodlelib.php email_to_user(): Could not instantiate mail function.\nFailed to send notification\n... used 8 dbqueries\n... used 0.023626089096069 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(95, 1, 'core', 'core\\task\\send_login_notifications', 2, 1730573151.4474000000, 1730573151.4725000000, 6, 2, 0, 'Execute adhoc task: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\nAdhoc task id: 10\nAdhoc task custom data: {\"ismoodleapp\":false,\"useragent\":\"Mozilla\\/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:132.0) Gecko\\/20100101 Firefox\\/132.0\",\"loginip\":\"2a01:e0a:8d0:ba70:75ad:60fd:255e:4a2e\",\"logintime\":1730565667}\n... started 19:45:51. Current memory use 65.1 Mo.\nSending login notification to bruno.bernard\nError: lib/moodlelib.php email_to_user(): Could not instantiate mail function.\nFailed to send notification\n... used 8 dbqueries\n... used 0.023099899291992 seconds\nAdhoc task complete: core\\task\\send_login_notifications\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(96, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\session_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573161.7647000000, 1730573161.7754000000, 6, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des anciennes sessions (core\\task\\session_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:46:01. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 7 dbqueries\n... used 0.0084969997406006 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des anciennes sessions (core\\task\\session_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(97, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task', 0, 1730573161.8017000000, 1730573161.8033000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des nouveaux mots de passe (core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task)\n... started 19:46:01. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0010099411010742 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des nouveaux mots de passe (core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(98, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task', 0, 1730573161.8411000000, 1730573161.8418000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications d’échec de connexion (core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task)\n... started 19:46:01. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 7.6055526733398E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications d’échec de connexion (core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(99, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\grade_cron_task', 0, 1730573161.8696000000, 1730573161.8761000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du carnet de notes (core\\task\\grade_cron_task)\n... started 19:46:01. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0057709217071533 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du carnet de notes (core\\task\\grade_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(100, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\completion_regular_task', 0, 1730573161.9149000000, 1730573161.9409000000, 6, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Calcul des données d’achèvement (core\\task\\completion_regular_task)\n... started 19:46:01. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\nAggregating completions\n... used 6 dbqueries\n... used 0.025362968444824 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Calcul des données d’achèvement (core\\task\\completion_regular_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(101, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task', 0, 1730573161.9677000000, 1730573161.9685000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des plugins de portfolio (core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task)\n... started 19:46:01. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 7.5817108154297E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des plugins de portfolio (core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(102, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task', 0, 1730573161.9947000000, 1730573161.9954000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des cron obsolètes des plugins de détection de plagiat (core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task)\n... started 19:46:01. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 7.5101852416992E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des cron obsolètes des plugins de détection de plagiat (core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(103, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\calendar_cron_task', 0, 1730573162.0233000000, 1730573162.0269000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications de calendrier (core\\task\\calendar_cron_task)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0030441284179688 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications de calendrier (core\\task\\calendar_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(104, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\blog_cron_task', 0, 1730573162.0559000000, 1730573162.0631000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Synchronisation des blogs externes (core\\task\\blog_cron_task)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0064599514007568 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Synchronisation des blogs externes (core\\task\\blog_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(105, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573162.0919000000, 1730573162.1006000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage en tâche de fond des prévisualisations de question (core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n\n  Cleaning up old question previews...done.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0080540180206299 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage en tâche de fond des prévisualisations de question (core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(106, 0, 'moodle', 'core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules', 0, 1730573162.1286000000, 1730573162.1329000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Programmations d’envoi de rapports (core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0031018257141113 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Programmations d’envoi de rapports (core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(107, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task', 0, 1730573162.1584000000, 1730573162.1592000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Rapport des sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 8.0108642578125E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Rapport des sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(108, 0, 'mod_assign', 'mod_assign\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573162.1793000000, 1730573162.1981000000, 3, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du module devoir (mod_assign\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.4 Mo.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.017433166503906 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du module devoir (mod_assign\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(109, 0, 'mod_forum', 'mod_forum\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573162.2263000000, 1730573162.2352000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des messages et maintenance des forums (mod_forum\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.5 Mo.\nRemoving old digest records from 7 days ago.\nRemoved all old digest records.\nFetching unmailed posts.\n  No posts found.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0077028274536133 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des messages et maintenance des forums (mod_forum\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(110, 0, 'mod_quiz', 'mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts', 0, 1730573162.2716000000, 1730573162.2817000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Mise à jour des tentatives de test en retard (mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.7 Mo.\n  Looking for quiz overdue quiz attempts...\n  Considered 0 attempts in 0 quizzes.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.008807897567749 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Mise à jour des tentatives de test en retard (mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(111, 0, 'mod_workshop', 'mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573162.3129000000, 1730573162.3226000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du module Atelier (mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.7 Mo.\n processing workshop subplugins ...\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0083951950073242 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du module Atelier (mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(112, 0, 'tool_messageinbound', 'tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task', 0, 1730573162.3490000000, 1730573162.3501000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Récolte des courriels entrant (tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.7 Mo.\nInbound Message not fully configured - exiting early.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.00040507316589355 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Récolte des courriels entrant (tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(113, 0, 'tool_monitor', 'tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events', 0, 1730573162.3785000000, 1730573162.3792000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des événements de la surveillance d’événements (tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.7 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.103515625E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des événements de la surveillance d’événements (tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(114, 0, 'workshopallocation_scheduled', 'workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573162.4066000000, 1730573162.4098000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond pour l’attribution automatique des évaluations (workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:46:02. Current memory use 65.7 Mo.\n... no workshops awaiting scheduled allocation. ... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0025720596313477 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond pour l’attribution automatique des évaluations (workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(115, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\registration_cron_task', 0, 1730573204.5265000000, 1730573205.4975000000, 27, 0, 1, 'Execute scheduled task: Enregistrement du site (core\\task\\registration_cron_task)\n... started 19:46:44. Current memory use 66.0 Mo.\nDebugging increased temporarily due to faildelay of 60\n... used 27 dbqueries\n... used 0.9696319103241 seconds\nScheduled task failed: Enregistrement du site (core\\task\\registration_cron_task),hub/errorconnect\nBacktrace:\n* line 69 of /lib/classes/hub/api.php: call to core\\hub\\api::call_rest()\n* line 137 of /lib/classes/hub/api.php: call to core\\hub\\api::call()\n* line 343 of /lib/classes/hub/registration.php: call to core\\hub\\api::update_registration()\n* line 45 of /lib/classes/task/registration_cron_task.php: call to core\\hub\\registration::update_cron()\n* line 410 of /lib/classes/cron.php: call to core\\task\\registration_cron_task->execute()\n* line 208 of /lib/classes/cron.php: call to core\\cron::run_inner_scheduled_task()\n* line 125 of /lib/classes/cron.php: call to core\\cron::run_scheduled_tasks()\n* line 186 of /admin/cli/cron.php: call to core\\cron::run_main_process()\n\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(116, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\h5p_get_content_types_task', 0, 1730573207.5595000000, 1730573207.5647000000, 0, 0, 1, 'Execute scheduled task: Télécharger depuis h5p.org les types de contenus H5P disponibles (core\\task\\h5p_get_content_types_task)\n... started 19:46:47. Current memory use 66.1 Mo.\nDebugging increased temporarily due to faildelay of 60\n++ cURL request for \"https://api.h5p.org/v1/sites\" failed with: Failed to connect to api.h5p.org port 443: Connection refused (7) ++\n* line 1639 of /lib/filelib.php: call to debugging()\n* line 380 of /h5p/classes/core.php: call to download_file_content()\n* line 367 of /h5p/classes/core.php: call to core_h5p\\core->register_site()\n* line 337 of /h5p/classes/core.php: call to core_h5p\\core->get_site_uuid()\n* line 167 of /h5p/classes/core.php: call to core_h5p\\core->get_latest_content_types()\n* line 64 of /lib/classes/task/h5p_get_content_types_task.php: call to core_h5p\\core->fetch_latest_content_types()\n* line 410 of /lib/classes/cron.php: call to core\\task\\h5p_get_content_types_task->execute()\n* line 208 of /lib/classes/cron.php: call to core\\cron::run_inner_scheduled_task()\n* line 125 of /lib/classes/cron.php: call to core\\cron::run_scheduled_tasks()\n* line 186 of /admin/cli/cron.php: call to core\\cron::run_main_process()\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.0039000511169434 seconds\nScheduled task failed: Télécharger depuis h5p.org les types de contenus H5P disponibles (core\\task\\h5p_get_content_types_task),Valeur retournée incorrecte détectée (Failed to connect to api.h5p.org port 443: Connection refused)\nDebug info:\nFailed to connect to api.h5p.org port 443: Connection refused\nBacktrace:\n* line 410 of /lib/classes/cron.php: call to core\\task\\h5p_get_content_types_task->execute()\n* line 208 of /lib/classes/cron.php: call to core\\cron::run_inner_scheduled_task()\n* line 125 of /lib/classes/cron.php: call to core\\cron::run_scheduled_tasks()\n* line 186 of /admin/cli/cron.php: call to core\\cron::run_main_process()\n\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(117, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\session_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573222.0161000000, 1730573222.0291000000, 6, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des anciennes sessions (core\\task\\session_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 7 dbqueries\n... used 0.011886119842529 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des anciennes sessions (core\\task\\session_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(118, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task', 0, 1730573222.0557000000, 1730573222.0588000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des nouveaux mots de passe (core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0023250579833984 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des nouveaux mots de passe (core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(119, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task', 0, 1730573222.0880000000, 1730573222.0887000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications d’échec de connexion (core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 5.793571472168E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications d’échec de connexion (core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(120, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\grade_cron_task', 0, 1730573222.1205000000, 1730573222.1273000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du carnet de notes (core\\task\\grade_cron_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0061831474304199 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du carnet de notes (core\\task\\grade_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(121, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\completion_regular_task', 0, 1730573222.1562000000, 1730573222.1800000000, 6, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Calcul des données d’achèvement (core\\task\\completion_regular_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\nAggregating completions\n... used 6 dbqueries\n... used 0.023215770721436 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Calcul des données d’achèvement (core\\task\\completion_regular_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(122, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task', 0, 1730573222.2074000000, 1730573222.2084000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des plugins de portfolio (core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.9141387939453E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des plugins de portfolio (core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(123, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task', 0, 1730573222.2303000000, 1730573222.2315000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des cron obsolètes des plugins de détection de plagiat (core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 8.4877014160156E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des cron obsolètes des plugins de détection de plagiat (core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(124, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\calendar_cron_task', 0, 1730573222.2563000000, 1730573222.2600000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications de calendrier (core\\task\\calendar_cron_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0030529499053955 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications de calendrier (core\\task\\calendar_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(125, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\blog_cron_task', 0, 1730573222.2838000000, 1730573222.2892000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Synchronisation des blogs externes (core\\task\\blog_cron_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0045499801635742 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Synchronisation des blogs externes (core\\task\\blog_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(126, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573222.3149000000, 1730573222.3231000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage en tâche de fond des prévisualisations de question (core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n\n  Cleaning up old question previews...done.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.007112979888916 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage en tâche de fond des prévisualisations de question (core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(127, 0, 'moodle', 'core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules', 0, 1730573222.3488000000, 1730573222.3529000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Programmations d’envoi de rapports (core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0033400058746338 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Programmations d’envoi de rapports (core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(128, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task', 0, 1730573222.3807000000, 1730573222.3815000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Rapport des sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 7.6055526733398E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Rapport des sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(129, 0, 'mod_assign', 'mod_assign\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573222.4079000000, 1730573222.4263000000, 3, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du module devoir (mod_assign\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.017693042755127 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du module devoir (mod_assign\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(130, 0, 'mod_forum', 'mod_forum\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573222.4516000000, 1730573222.4593000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des messages et maintenance des forums (mod_forum\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\nRemoving old digest records from 7 days ago.\nRemoved all old digest records.\nFetching unmailed posts.\n  No posts found.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0070040225982666 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des messages et maintenance des forums (mod_forum\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(131, 0, 'mod_quiz', 'mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts', 0, 1730573222.4873000000, 1730573222.4948000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Mise à jour des tentatives de test en retard (mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n  Looking for quiz overdue quiz attempts...\n  Considered 0 attempts in 0 quizzes.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0068449974060059 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Mise à jour des tentatives de test en retard (mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(132, 0, 'mod_workshop', 'mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573222.5217000000, 1730573222.5254000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du module Atelier (mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n processing workshop subplugins ...\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0029909610748291 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du module Atelier (mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(133, 0, 'tool_messageinbound', 'tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task', 0, 1730573222.5527000000, 1730573222.5561000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Récolte des courriels entrant (tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\nInbound Message not fully configured - exiting early.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 0.0025789737701416 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Récolte des courriels entrant (tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(134, 0, 'tool_monitor', 'tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events', 0, 1730573222.5850000000, 1730573222.5857000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des événements de la surveillance d’événements (tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.3180923461914E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des événements de la surveillance d’événements (tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(135, 0, 'workshopallocation_scheduled', 'workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573222.6136000000, 1730573222.6170000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond pour l’attribution automatique des évaluations (workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:47:02. Current memory use 66.2 Mo.\n... no workshops awaiting scheduled allocation. ... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0028088092803955 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond pour l’attribution automatique des évaluations (workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(136, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\session_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573281.2065000000, 1730573281.2199000000, 6, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des anciennes sessions (core\\task\\session_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 7 dbqueries\n... used 0.012222051620483 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des anciennes sessions (core\\task\\session_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(137, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task', 0, 1730573281.2466000000, 1730573281.2493000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des nouveaux mots de passe (core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.002068042755127 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des nouveaux mots de passe (core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(138, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task', 0, 1730573281.2810000000, 1730573281.2817000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications d’échec de connexion (core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.2942504882812E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications d’échec de connexion (core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(139, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\grade_cron_task', 0, 1730573281.3082000000, 1730573281.3146000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du carnet de notes (core\\task\\grade_cron_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0057399272918701 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du carnet de notes (core\\task\\grade_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(140, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\completion_regular_task', 0, 1730573281.3418000000, 1730573281.3658000000, 6, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Calcul des données d’achèvement (core\\task\\completion_regular_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\nAggregating completions\n... used 6 dbqueries\n... used 0.023390054702759 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Calcul des données d’achèvement (core\\task\\completion_regular_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(141, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task', 0, 1730573281.3956000000, 1730573281.3964000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des plugins de portfolio (core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.1988830566406E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des plugins de portfolio (core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(142, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task', 0, 1730573281.4229000000, 1730573281.4237000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond des cron obsolètes des plugins de détection de plagiat (core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.103515625E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond des cron obsolètes des plugins de détection de plagiat (core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(143, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\calendar_cron_task', 0, 1730573281.4488000000, 1730573281.4528000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des notifications de calendrier (core\\task\\calendar_cron_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0029001235961914 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des notifications de calendrier (core\\task\\calendar_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(144, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\blog_cron_task', 0, 1730573281.4805000000, 1730573281.4855000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Synchronisation des blogs externes (core\\task\\blog_cron_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0043399333953857 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Synchronisation des blogs externes (core\\task\\blog_cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(145, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task', 0, 1730573281.5114000000, 1730573281.5189000000, 2, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage en tâche de fond des prévisualisations de question (core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n\n  Cleaning up old question previews...done.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0067648887634277 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage en tâche de fond des prévisualisations de question (core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(146, 0, 'moodle', 'core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules', 0, 1730573281.5436000000, 1730573281.5470000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Programmations d’envoi de rapports (core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.002410888671875 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Programmations d’envoi de rapports (core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(147, 0, 'moodle', 'core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task', 0, 1730573281.5714000000, 1730573281.5721000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Rapport des sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.2942504882812E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Rapport des sauvegardes automatiques (core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(148, 0, 'mod_assign', 'mod_assign\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573281.5978000000, 1730573281.6084000000, 3, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du module devoir (mod_assign\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 3 dbqueries\n... used 0.0099630355834961 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du module devoir (mod_assign\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(149, 0, 'mod_forum', 'mod_forum\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573281.6363000000, 1730573281.6440000000, 1, 1, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Envoi des messages et maintenance des forums (mod_forum\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\nRemoving old digest records from 7 days ago.\nRemoved all old digest records.\nFetching unmailed posts.\n  No posts found.\n... used 2 dbqueries\n... used 0.0069949626922607 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Envoi des messages et maintenance des forums (mod_forum\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(150, 0, 'mod_quiz', 'mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts', 0, 1730573281.6674000000, 1730573281.6763000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Mise à jour des tentatives de test en retard (mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n  Looking for quiz overdue quiz attempts...\n  Considered 0 attempts in 0 quizzes.\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.008167028427124 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Mise à jour des tentatives de test en retard (mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(151, 0, 'mod_workshop', 'mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573281.7027000000, 1730573281.7061000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond du module Atelier (mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n processing workshop subplugins ...\n... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0027310848236084 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond du module Atelier (mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(152, 0, 'tool_messageinbound', 'tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task', 0, 1730573281.7350000000, 1730573281.7358000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Récolte des courriels entrant (tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\nInbound Message not fully configured - exiting early.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 7.5817108154297E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Récolte des courriels entrant (tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(153, 0, 'tool_monitor', 'tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events', 0, 1730573281.7683000000, 1730573281.7690000000, 0, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Nettoyage des événements de la surveillance d’événements (tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... used 0 dbqueries\n... used 6.103515625E-5 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Nettoyage des événements de la surveillance d’événements (tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328),
(154, 0, 'workshopallocation_scheduled', 'workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1730573281.7929000000, 1730573281.7964000000, 1, 0, 0, 'Execute scheduled task: Traitement en tâche de fond pour l’attribution automatique des évaluations (workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task)\n... started 19:48:01. Current memory use 66.6 Mo.\n... no workshops awaiting scheduled allocation. ... used 1 dbqueries\n... used 0.0027749538421631 seconds\nScheduled task complete: Traitement en tâche de fond pour l’attribution automatique des évaluations (workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task)\n', 'ssh01.cluster013.gra.hosting.ovh.net', 9328);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_task_scheduled`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_task_scheduled` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `component` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `classname` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `lastruntime` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `nextruntime` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `minute` varchar(200) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `hour` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `day` varchar(90) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `month` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `dayofweek` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `faildelay` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `customised` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `disabled` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timestarted` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `hostname` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `pid` bigint DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='List of scheduled tasks to be run by cron.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

--
-- Déchargement des données de la table `mdl_task_scheduled`
--

INSERT INTO `mdl_task_scheduled` (`id`, `component`, `classname`, `lastruntime`, `nextruntime`, `minute`, `hour`, `day`, `month`, `dayofweek`, `faildelay`, `customised`, `disabled`, `timestarted`, `hostname`, `pid`) VALUES
(1, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\session_cleanup_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(2, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\delete_unconfirmed_users_task', 1730573138, 1734001200, '0', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(3, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\delete_incomplete_users_task', 1730573138, 1734001500, '5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(4, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\backup_cleanup_task', 1730573141, 1734001800, '10', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(5, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\tag_cron_task', 1730573141, 1734058500, '55', '3', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(6, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\context_cleanup_task', 1730573141, 1734002700, '25', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(7, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\cache_cleanup_task', 1730573141, 1734003000, '30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(8, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\messaging_cleanup_task', 1730573141, 1734003300, '35', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(9, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\send_new_user_passwords_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(10, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\send_failed_login_notifications_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(11, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\create_contexts_task', 1730573141, 1734044400, '0', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(12, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\grade_cron_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(13, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\grade_history_cleanup_task', 1730573141, 1734044400, '*', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(14, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\completion_regular_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(15, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\completion_daily_task', 1730573141, 1734067020, '17', '6', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(16, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\portfolio_cron_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(17, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\plagiarism_cron_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(18, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\calendar_cron_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(19, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\blog_cron_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(20, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\question_preview_cleanup_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(21, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\registration_cron_task', 0, 1734067860, '31', '6', '*', '*', '5', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(22, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\check_for_updates_task', 1730573144, 1734025140, '39', '18', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(23, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\cache_cron_task', 1730573144, 1734004200, '50', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(24, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\automated_backup_task', 1730573144, 1734004200, '50', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(25, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\badges_cron_task', 1730573144, 1734000900, '*/5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(26, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\badges_message_task', 1730573144, 1734000900, '*/5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(27, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\file_temp_cleanup_task', 1730573145, 1734004500, '55', '*/6', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(28, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\file_trash_cleanup_task', 1730573145, 1734004500, '55', '*/6', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(29, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\search_index_task', 1730573145, 1734001200, '*/30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(30, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\search_optimize_task', 1730573145, 1734002100, '15', '*/12', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(31, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\stats_cron_task', 1730573145, 1734044400, '0', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(32, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\password_reset_cleanup_task', 1730573145, 1734001200, '0', '*/6', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(33, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\complete_plans_task', 1730573145, 1734002880, '28', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(34, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\sync_plans_from_template_cohorts_task', 1730573145, 1734002220, '17', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(35, 'moodle', '\\core_files\\task\\conversion_cleanup_task', 1730573145, 1734052860, '21', '2', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(36, 'moodle', '\\core\\oauth2\\refresh_system_tokens_task', 1730573145, 1734003000, '30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(37, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\analytics_cleanup_task', 1730573146, 1734003720, '42', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(38, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\task_log_cleanup_task', 1730573146, 1734015900, '5', '16', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(39, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\h5p_get_content_types_task', 0, 1735737600, '20', '14', '1', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(40, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\h5p_clean_orphaned_records_task', 1730573146, 1734045780, '23', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(41, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\antivirus_cleanup_task', 1730573146, 1734045060, '11', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(42, 'moodle', '\\core_reportbuilder\\task\\send_schedules', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(43, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\task_lock_cleanup_task', 1730573146, 1734046740, '39', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(44, 'moodle', '\\core_xapi\\task\\state_cleanup_task', 1730573146, 1734046080, '28', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(45, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\show_started_courses_task', 0, 1734048000, '00', '01', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(46, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\hide_ended_courses_task', 0, 1734048000, '00', '01', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(47, 'moodle', '\\core_communication\\task\\synchronise_providers_task', 1730573147, 1734575280, '28', '3', '*', '*', '4', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(48, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\automated_backup_report_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(49, 'mod_assign', '\\mod_assign\\task\\cron_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(50, 'mod_bigbluebuttonbn', '\\mod_bigbluebuttonbn\\task\\check_pending_recordings', 0, 1734000900, '*/5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(51, 'mod_bigbluebuttonbn', '\\mod_bigbluebuttonbn\\task\\check_dismissed_recordings', 0, 1734735600, '*', '*', '*/10', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(52, 'mod_chat', '\\mod_chat\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1734000900, '*/5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(53, 'mod_forum', '\\mod_forum\\task\\cron_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(54, 'mod_lti', '\\mod_lti\\task\\clean_access_tokens', 1730573147, 1734076200, '50', '8', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(55, 'mod_quiz', '\\mod_quiz\\task\\update_overdue_attempts', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(56, 'mod_quiz', '\\mod_quiz\\task\\quiz_notify_attempt_manual_grading_completed', 1730573147, 1734003360, '36', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(57, 'mod_scorm', '\\mod_scorm\\task\\cron_task', 1730573147, 1734000900, '*/5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(58, 'mod_workshop', '\\mod_workshop\\task\\cron_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(59, 'auth_cas', '\\auth_cas\\task\\sync_task', 0, 1734044400, '0', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(60, 'auth_db', '\\auth_db\\task\\sync_users', 0, 1734073680, '8', '8', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(61, 'auth_ldap', '\\auth_ldap\\task\\sync_roles', 0, 1734044400, '0', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(62, 'auth_ldap', '\\auth_ldap\\task\\sync_task', 0, 1734044400, '0', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(63, 'auth_mnet', '\\auth_mnet\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1734001200, '*/10', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(64, 'enrol_category', '\\enrol_category\\task\\enrol_category_sync', 0, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(65, 'enrol_cohort', '\\enrol_cohort\\task\\enrol_cohort_sync', 1730573147, 1734003000, '30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(66, 'enrol_database', '\\enrol_database\\task\\sync_enrolments', 0, 1734064020, '27', '5', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(67, 'enrol_flatfile', '\\enrol_flatfile\\task\\flatfile_sync_task', 0, 1734002100, '15', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(68, 'enrol_imsenterprise', '\\enrol_imsenterprise\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1734001800, '10', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(69, 'enrol_ldap', '\\enrol_ldap\\task\\sync_enrolments', 0, 1734001800, '10', '12', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(70, 'enrol_lti', '\\enrol_lti\\task\\sync_grades', 0, 1734001200, '*/30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(71, 'enrol_lti', '\\enrol_lti\\task\\sync_members', 0, 1734001200, '*/30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(72, 'enrol_lti', '\\enrol_lti\\local\\ltiadvantage\\task\\sync_members', 0, 1734001200, '*/30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(73, 'enrol_lti', '\\enrol_lti\\local\\ltiadvantage\\task\\sync_grades', 0, 1734001200, '*/30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(74, 'enrol_manual', '\\enrol_manual\\task\\sync_enrolments', 1730573147, 1734001200, '*/10', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(75, 'enrol_manual', '\\enrol_manual\\task\\send_expiry_notifications', 1730573148, 1734001200, '*/10', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(76, 'enrol_meta', '\\enrol_meta\\task\\enrol_meta_sync', 0, 1734002700, '25', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(77, 'enrol_paypal', '\\enrol_paypal\\task\\process_expirations', 0, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(78, 'enrol_self', '\\enrol_self\\task\\sync_enrolments', 1730573148, 1734001200, '*/10', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(79, 'enrol_self', '\\enrol_self\\task\\send_expiry_notifications', 1730573148, 1734001200, '*/10', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(80, 'message_email', '\\message_email\\task\\send_email_task', 1730573148, 1734037200, '0', '22', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(81, 'block_recent_activity', '\\block_recent_activity\\task\\cleanup', 1730573148, 1734027420, '17', '19', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(82, 'block_rss_client', '\\block_rss_client\\task\\refreshfeeds', 0, 1734000900, '*/5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(83, 'editor_atto', '\\editor_atto\\task\\autosave_cleanup_task', 1730573148, 1734150180, '23', '5', '*', '*', '6', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(84, 'repository_dropbox', '\\repository_dropbox\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(85, 'repository_filesystem', '\\repository_filesystem\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(86, 'repository_onedrive', '\\repository_onedrive\\remove_temp_access_task', 0, 1734582300, '25', '5', '*', '*', '4', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(87, 'tool_analytics', '\\tool_analytics\\task\\train_models', 1730573148, 1734019200, '0', '17', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(88, 'tool_analytics', '\\tool_analytics\\task\\predict_models', 1730573149, 1734048000, '0', '1', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(89, 'tool_brickfield', '\\tool_brickfield\\task\\bulk_process_courses', 1730573149, 1734000900, '*/5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(90, 'tool_brickfield', '\\tool_brickfield\\task\\bulk_process_caches', 1730573149, 1734000900, '*/5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(91, 'tool_brickfield', '\\tool_brickfield\\task\\checkid_validation', 1730573149, 1734077100, '05', '9', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(92, 'tool_brickfield', '\\tool_brickfield\\task\\update_summarydata', 1730573149, 1734047400, '50', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(93, 'tool_brickfield', '\\tool_brickfield\\task\\process_analysis_requests', 1730573149, 1734000900, '*/5', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(94, 'tool_cohortroles', '\\tool_cohortroles\\task\\cohort_role_sync', 1730573149, 1734002580, '23', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(95, 'tool_dataprivacy', '\\tool_dataprivacy\\task\\expired_retention_period', 1730573149, 1734019200, '0', '17', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(96, 'tool_dataprivacy', '\\tool_dataprivacy\\task\\delete_expired_contexts', 1730573149, 1734062400, '0', '5', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(97, 'tool_dataprivacy', '\\tool_dataprivacy\\task\\delete_expired_requests', 1730573149, 1734049140, '19', '1', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(98, 'tool_dataprivacy', '\\tool_dataprivacy\\task\\delete_existing_deleted_users', 0, 1734024480, '28', '18', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(99, 'tool_langimport', '\\tool_langimport\\task\\update_langpacks_task', 1730573149, 1734062100, '55', '4', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(100, 'tool_messageinbound', '\\tool_messageinbound\\task\\pickup_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(101, 'tool_messageinbound', '\\tool_messageinbound\\task\\cleanup_task', 1730573149, 1734051300, '55', '1', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(102, 'tool_monitor', '\\tool_monitor\\task\\clean_events', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(103, 'tool_monitor', '\\tool_monitor\\task\\check_subscriptions', 1730573149, 1734032940, '49', '20', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(104, 'tool_recyclebin', '\\tool_recyclebin\\task\\cleanup_course_bin', 1730573149, 1734001200, '*/30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(105, 'tool_recyclebin', '\\tool_recyclebin\\task\\cleanup_category_bin', 1730573149, 1734001200, '*/30', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(106, 'cachestore_redis', '\\cachestore_redis\\task\\ttl', 1730573150, 1734004320, '52', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(107, 'ltiservice_gradebookservices', '\\ltiservice_gradebookservices\\task\\cleanup_task', 1730573150, 1734005220, '7', '13', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(108, 'workshopallocation_scheduled', '\\workshopallocation_scheduled\\task\\cron_task', 1730573281, 1734000840, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(109, 'logstore_standard', '\\logstore_standard\\task\\cleanup_task', 1730573150, 1734059280, '8', '4', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(110, 'factor_grace', '\\factor_grace\\task\\revoke_expired_factors', 0, 1734045420, '17', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(111, 'factor_nosetup', '\\factor_nosetup\\task\\delete_unusable_factors', 0, 1734046440, '34', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(114, 'theme_boost_union', '\\theme_boost_union\\task\\purge_cache', 0, 1734044400, '0', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(115, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\update_geoip2file_task', 0, 1734062400, '0', '5', '*', '*', '5', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(116, 'moodle', '\\core\\task\\stored_progress_bar_cleanup_task', 0, 1734048000, '00', '01', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(117, 'mod_assign', '\\mod_assign\\task\\queue_all_assignment_due_soon_notification_tasks', 0, 1734003540, '39', '*/2', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(118, 'mod_assign', '\\mod_assign\\task\\queue_all_assignment_overdue_notification_tasks', 0, 1734000900, '55', '*/1', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(119, 'mod_assign', '\\mod_assign\\task\\queue_all_assignment_due_digest_notification_tasks', 0, 1734051240, '54', '1', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(120, 'mod_quiz', '\\mod_quiz\\task\\queue_all_quiz_open_notification_tasks', 0, 1734004260, '51', '*/2', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(121, 'customfield_number', '\\customfield_number\\task\\cron', 0, 1734053640, '34', '2', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(122, 'mod_forumng', '\\mod_forumng\\task\\email_normal', 0, 1734074400, '*/10', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(123, 'mod_forumng', '\\mod_forumng\\task\\daily_housekeeping', 0, 1734134400, '0', '1', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(124, 'mod_forumng', '\\mod_forumng\\task\\email_digest', 0, 1734105600, '0', '17', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(125, 'block_xp', '\\block_xp\\task\\admin_notices', 0, 1734318540, '9', '4', '*', '*', '1', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(126, 'block_xp', '\\block_xp\\task\\collection_logger_purge', 0, 1734144420, '47', '3', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(127, 'block_xp', '\\block_xp\\task\\usage_report', 0, 1736547360, '16', '23', '*', '*', '5', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(128, 'mod_hotquestion', '\\mod_hotquestion\\task\\cron_task', 0, 1734075060, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(129, 'mod_studentquiz', '\\mod_studentquiz\\task\\send_digest_notification_task', 0, 1734303600, '0', '0', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(130, 'mod_studentquiz', '\\mod_studentquiz\\task\\delete_orphaned_questions', 0, 1735686000, '0', '0', '1', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(131, 'local_intelliboard', '\\local_intelliboard\\task\\check_active_bbb_meetings', 0, 1734593820, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(132, 'local_intelliboard', '\\local_intelliboard\\task\\check_active_bb_collaborate_meetings', 0, 1734593820, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(133, 'local_intelliboard', '\\local_intelliboard\\task\\attendance_sync', 0, 1734593820, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(134, 'local_intelliboard', '\\local_intelliboard\\task\\transcripts_process', 0, 1734596100, '15', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(135, 'local_intelliboard', '\\local_intelliboard\\task\\import_tracking_process', 0, 1734594300, '*/15', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(136, 'mod_questionnaire', '\\mod_questionnaire\\task\\cleanup', 0, 1735601160, '26', '*/12', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(137, 'mod_customcert', '\\mod_customcert\\task\\issue_certificates_task', 0, 1737107100, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(138, 'block_use_stats', '\\block_use_stats\\task\\compile_task', 0, 1740338640, '*', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(139, 'block_use_stats', '\\block_use_stats\\task\\cleanup_task', 0, 1740362400, '0', '3', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 1, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(140, 'block_use_stats', '\\block_use_stats\\task\\cache_ttl_task', 0, 1740339000, '*/10', '*', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(141, 'block_dedication', '\\block_dedication\\task\\dedication_collector', 0, 1748214600, '10', '01', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL),
(142, 'block_dedication', '\\block_dedication\\task\\cleanup', 0, 1748215560, '26', '01', '*', '*', '*', 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_theme_boost_union_flavours`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_theme_boost_union_flavours` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `description_format` tinyint DEFAULT NULL,
  `sort` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `applytocohorts` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  `applytocohorts_ids` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `applytocategories` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  `applytocategories_ids` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `applytocategories_subcats` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  `look_logo` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `look_logocompact` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `look_favicon` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `look_backgroundimage` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `look_rawscss` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Flavour definitions' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_theme_boost_union_menuitems`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_theme_boost_union_menuitems` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `menu` bigint NOT NULL,
  `type` int DEFAULT '1',
  `sortorder` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `url` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `category` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `category_subcats` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  `enrolmentrole` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `completionstatus` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `daterange` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `customfields` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `listsort` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `displayfield` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `textcount` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `mode` int NOT NULL,
  `menuicon` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `display` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `tooltip` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `target` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `cssclass` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `textposition` int DEFAULT '0',
  `textcolor` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `backgroundcolor` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `desktop` int DEFAULT '1',
  `tablet` int DEFAULT '1',
  `mobile` int DEFAULT '1',
  `roles` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `rolecontext` int DEFAULT '1',
  `cohorts` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `operator` int DEFAULT '1',
  `languages` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `start_date` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `end_date` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `visible` int NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `timemodified` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `byadmin` int NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Table to store smart menu item data' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_theme_boost_union_menus`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_theme_boost_union_menus` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `title` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `description` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `description_format` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `showdesc` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `sortorder` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `location` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `type` int NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `mode` int DEFAULT '1',
  `cssclass` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `moremenubehavior` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `cardsize` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `cardform` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `cardoverflowbehavior` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `roles` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `rolecontext` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `cohorts` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `operator` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `languages` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci,
  `start_date` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `end_date` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `visible` int NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `byadmin` int NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Table to store smart menu data' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_threesixo`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_threesixo` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `course` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `intro` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `introformat` smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `anonymous` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `participantrole` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `email_notification` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
  `status` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `with_self_review` tinyint(1) DEFAULT '0',
  `timeopen` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timeclose` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `releasing` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `released` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `undodecline` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='All 360-degree feedback instances' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_threesixo_item`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_threesixo_item` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `threesixo` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `question` bigint NOT NULL,
  `position` smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='360-degree feedback items' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_threesixo_question`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_threesixo_question` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `question` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `type` smallint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='360-degree feedback question bank' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_threesixo_response`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_threesixo_response` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `threesixo` bigint NOT NULL,
  `item` bigint NOT NULL,
  `fromuser` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `touser` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `value` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Contains all the responses for the 360 feedback items.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_threesixo_submission`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_threesixo_submission` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `threesixo` bigint NOT NULL,
  `fromuser` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `touser` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `status` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `remarks` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='Contains all the statuses for the 360 feedback.' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Structure de la table `mdl_tiny_autosave`
--

CREATE TABLE `mdl_tiny_autosave` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL,
  `elementid` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `contextid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `pagehash` varchar(64) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `userid` bigint NOT NULL,
  `drafttext` longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `draftid` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `pageinstance` varchar(64) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `timemodified` bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT '0'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci COMMENT='The content of the textarea saved during autosave operations' ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED;

--
-- Déchargement des données de la table `mdl_tiny_autosave`
--

INSERT INTO `mdl_tiny_autosave` (`id`, `elementid`, `contextid`, `pagehash`, `userid`, `drafttext`, `draftid`, `pageinstance`, `timemodified`) VALUES
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(20, 'id_page', 16, '69ed5727dc037b852f9aaa31229f7ff805f7957c', 2, '', 719546566, '6fda107e4a713d85a476ad12bfe5f721', 1730591790),
(21, 'id_introeditor', 16, '5ddd2bbcc35c7dfa7f38075ed423b26163153ede', 2, '', 2127307, '8341077932dc3626d039794a2f6ef2db', 1730591836),
(22, 'id_instructauthorseditor', 16, '5ddd2bbcc35c7dfa7f38075ed423b26163153ede', 2, '', 156779867, '58114bc00299555589fd14983e98ed2a', 1730591836),
(23, 'id_instructreviewerseditor', 16, '5ddd2bbcc35c7dfa7f38075ed423b26163153ede', 2, '', 134144462, '5ed06b74ce1a9aa95745156f0f80e343', 1730591836),
(24, 'id_conclusioneditor', 16, '5ddd2bbcc35c7dfa7f38075ed423b26163153ede', 2, '', 823700003, 'b354d5d0830674a7e2478582c7e3ca2c', 1730591836),
(25, 'id_introeditor', 16, '187dd3d8bf3f4a8349fcb407268ba42db0158dc3', 2, '', 997995521, '3a3cab39f58baad876b4a88391df1af7', 1730591852),
(26, 'id_introeditor', 16, 'd2db3f7870cb516cb8ffa79fafeee27c4cfbde98', 2, '', 536639512, '4b07aa9dc297b1addb3a905bf5a5a792', 1730591912),
(35, 'id_correctfeedback', 14, 'c997f0fdb8207e1d1fae4e6cfbb21a710aa23efd', 2, '', 565014688, '7e5e3e78306e5aa73e0b267853fcb515', 1730659452),
(36, 'id_partiallycorrectfeedback', 14, 'c997f0fdb8207e1d1fae4e6cfbb21a710aa23efd', 2, '', 503300987, 'f5d881eb110d1366aa0e394f321a6e43', 1730659452),
(37, 'id_incorrectfeedback', 14, 'c997f0fdb8207e1d1fae4e6cfbb21a710aa23efd', 2, '', 80529963, 'aaff904c3d621d5601de26156711e8ab', 1730659453),
(38, 'id_hint_0', 14, 'c997f0fdb8207e1d1fae4e6cfbb21a710aa23efd', 2, '', 901246986, 'a7473477fc65abdf3b09087a80aa1145', 1730659453),
(39, 'id_hint_1', 14, 'c997f0fdb8207e1d1fae4e6cfbb21a710aa23efd', 2, '', 235397285, '295410008ebed6c558c4343641437518', 1730659453),
(41, 'id_introeditor', 16, '0f6b71d038a14b25b355017eec7490d07eba7f89', 2, '', 218166541, '91ddd004e65023623730c84994c23d28', 1730661956),
(42, 'id_introeditor', 28, 'af61bbebe075ec134221faff631602f449ee87d0', 2, '', 345035654, '164e4a5867b2ac28d713e81afcd21a58', 1730662032),
(43, 'id_introeditor', 28, 'b4cda4b53f9ad26e3d1cf371446a7b8b0465dddf', 2, '', 861444672, 'f338bea8f0ffcfec39b819b2fd4ffd6b', 1730662225),
(47, 'id_introeditor', 32, '1962720b04182275b3dec0c067278c60f7b061a7', 2, '', 870221696, '1809cc9615ac5d854b0ceff88beb941f', 1730662349),
(48, 'id_feedbacktext_0', 32, '1962720b04182275b3dec0c067278c60f7b061a7', 2, '', 892008133, 'c8d60d0b6f95390291d8ae3d92a21c72', 1730662350),
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(50, 'id_introeditor', 16, '50d7ef2023380ae27cc4c919b0bd933c72d0cf1a', 2, '', 820454731, '407980cb49044fbb18b68b2c97b90eb6', 1730662512),
(51, 'id_feedbacktext_0', 16, '50d7ef2023380ae27cc4c919b0bd933c72d0cf1a', 2, '', 475831137, '07f3e6188e443dde85e576f27d5bb0f3', 1730662512),
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(61, 'id_s__auth_instructions', 1, '', 2, '', NULL, '', 1730700711),
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(92, 'id_incorrectfeedback', 16, '240cd6b477b0d5bae40e95c9ec66fa21dba12d08', 2, '', 942036509, 'e9e793c3b76b3dbb8d98263957d19aba', 1730962093),
(93, 'id_hint_0', 16, '240cd6b477b0d5bae40e95c9ec66fa21dba12d08', 2, '', 48154840, '180a4096ac452bf5972138c41b63b28c', 1730962093),
(94, 'id_hint_1', 16, '240cd6b477b0d5bae40e95c9ec66fa21dba12d08', 2, '', 864816729, 'a5883d68c187669285e92e6a216d9f0d', 1730962093),
(95, 'id_correctfeedback', 14, 'f7f9b0fffcfdaffa99ee1b635ac01656f332d74d', 2, '', 186708933, '786ee8cf92f7a8f85aef8ad650e45025', 1730962604),
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(105, 'id_questiontext', 14, 'b5816fb0b1af50b2581883689326307a8aca4b7c', 2, '<p>Quelle est l\'image correcte ?</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/images/1999-nav-1.jpg\" alt=\"Image Question 1\" width=\"300\"></p>', NULL, 'c223a78723ea9cad6be7aa21b27aea25', 1730962739),
(106, 'id_generalfeedback', 14, '869ed838d4cca6de4756e8c00a6dbf78e8ffdc7f', 2, '<p>Les volets sont des surfaces mobiles situées sur le bord de fuite des ailes. Leur utilisation est *importante pour les phases de décollage et d\'atterrissage car ils augmentent la portance et la traînée, permettant un contrôle de l\'avion à des vitesses plus basses.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/images/2021-anglais-01.gif\" alt=\"Image Question 1\" width=\"300\"></p>', NULL, '44c5b16690a7d701d309cccd98991a7c', 1730962740),
(107, 'id_answer_0', 14, 'f18375115dd07c5f59bb61550cabf75ffdaf15ed', 2, '<p>Réponse 1A</p>', NULL, '5b5fe9285ec80a8e183daa9e270dc9bf', 1730962741),
(108, 'id_feedback_0', 14, 'd069f495bd39362c16aa8e4b8b924cf2c123e2a2', 2, '<p>Bonne réponse !</p>', NULL, '80ee4b6f35989fc147e7688b8d9dedf0', 1730962743),
(109, 'id_answer_1', 14, 'a8712b7322c118663d3bd868dda692dc51cfbe9b', 2, '<p>Réponse 1B</p>', NULL, 'ed3da9c5522db2376d3201151e6f370a', 1730962744),
(110, 'id_feedback_1', 14, 'a278dcf51eae111edea9b4a6da4d33ce51c97209', 2, '<p>Mauvaise réponse.</p>', NULL, '00341d4feca2ce029e7dabaf9539556f', 1730962745),
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(112, 'id_feedback_2', 14, 'a278dcf51eae111edea9b4a6da4d33ce51c97209', 2, '<p>Mauvaise réponse.</p>', NULL, 'a37146b49c32df69065efe5a45b95bd7', 1730962747),
(113, 'id_answer_3', 14, 'd6c8f52a8aeb441dfc409dfb99e90442a1d07c9f', 2, '<p>Réponse 1D</p>', NULL, '3b07d358e92822d376f0df38787a81c0', 1730962748),
(114, 'id_feedback_3', 14, 'a278dcf51eae111edea9b4a6da4d33ce51c97209', 2, '<p>Mauvaise réponse.</p>', NULL, '1274cfcbb4e9c83fd969c77c540e400b', 1730962749),
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(131, 'id_questiontext', 50, '4387a28fbc51afaeace4f11ecc6d155875e1148f', 2, '<p>La pression atmosphérique standard au niveau de la mer est:</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/images/1999-nav-1.jpg\" alt=\"Image Question 1\" width=\"300\"></p>', NULL, '2f66dd1ed00697866daf6a1b5e3d087f', 1731010911),
(132, 'id_generalfeedback', 50, 'e850d4d58ed1f3f22bc4137e3d4104cc6a404ca8', 2, '<p>\"hecto\" signifie 100. 1013,25 hecto Pascal = 1013,25 x 100 = 101325 Pascal Par ailleurs : En aéronautique est utilisée une atmosphère standard moyenne décrivant les variations moyennes en température, pression et masse volumique, c\'est l\'atmosphère standard OACI ou ISA (International Standard Atmosphere). L\'ISA est par exemple nécessaire pour la calibration des instruments de l\'aéronef ou pour le calcul initial des performances de référence. L\'atmosphère ISA est définie à partir des caractéristiques suivantes :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\'ISA est un gaz parfait au repos et en équilibre hydrostatique, composée d\'air sec de composition constante.</li>\n<li>Les valeurs et les variations des paramètres température et pression qui définissent l\'ISA sont proches des valeurs moyennes observées vers les 45 à 50°N.</li>\n<li>L\'accélération de la pesanteur est constante : g = 9,80665 m.s² dans toute l\'atmosphère ISA.</li>\n<li>Au niveau de la mer, les conditions sont fixes :\n<ul>\n<li>Po = 1013,25 hPa</li>\n<li>t = +15°C = 288,15 K</li>\n<li>ρo = 1,2 kg.m<sup>3</sup></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>La tropopause est à une altitude constante quelle que soit la latitude : z = 11 km = 36090 ft</li>\n<li>La variation verticale de la température est fixe et constante dans chaque couche de l\'atmosphère :\n<ul>\n<li>dans la troposphère : la température diminue à un taux de 2°C/1000ft soit 6,5°C/1000m</li>\n<li>dans la stratosphère entre 11 et 20 km : la température est constante, égale à -56,5°C</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>L\'air est un gaz compressible, en ISA comme dans l\'atmosphère réelle, il se comprime sous l\'effet de son propre poids. En ISA, la variation verticale de la pression n\'est donc pas constante.\n<ul>\n<li>Elle est importante quand la pression est forte, dans les basses altitudes;</li>\n<li>E\n<p><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/images/2021-anglais-01.gif\" alt=\"Image Question 1\" width=\"300\"></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>', NULL, '4111954089437bd1b2e46ceaad1038df', 1731010911),
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(134, 'id_feedback_0', 50, '20e78105e61f782650d23210b0486a472d4146ec', 2, '<p>Bonne réponse !</p>', NULL, '91168c9e86696d998f4666430739f8df', 1731010912),
(135, 'id_answer_1', 50, 'b2c82e7caac35235704ba1bffde6c4f9a9837f6d', 2, '<p>recalculée périodiquement par Météo France pour chaque pays</p>', NULL, 'c5b7330c2a13e04278c29ba9cb4cc0a6', 1731010912),
(136, 'id_feedback_1', 50, 'fb660420223401c0b3da5a62e516e0643e1b30ef', 2, '<p>Mauvaise réponse.</p>', NULL, 'efbcd777180f07e1f0359689423e1c23', 1731010912),
(137, 'id_feedback_2', 50, 'fb660420223401c0b3da5a62e516e0643e1b30ef', 2, '<p>Mauvaise réponse.</p>', NULL, '46875e49bc29f836038a5a28e159767c', 1731010912),
(138, 'id_answer_2', 50, '35b458bd86f655502fa5386f7bfef981902f9d63', 2, '<p>1000 hPa par convention internationale (pour faciliter les calculs)</p>', NULL, 'd6d609c6b0e7e40002151c0d2e32bd78', 1731010912),
(139, 'id_answer_3', 50, 'e5ea4f122c010e698b23fa6e84d522051cba4e9f', 2, '<p>impossible à déterminer en raison du réchauffement climatique</p>', NULL, '390bb2e7bf2f5611319d9da17bf4c142', 1731010912),
(140, 'id_feedback_3', 50, 'fb660420223401c0b3da5a62e516e0643e1b30ef', 2, '<p>Mauvaise réponse.</p>', NULL, 'b5d9eb5f1fabcbeda0377de3812bd39b', 1731010912),
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(233, 'id_feedback_0', 16, 'ff706155619713277ffc872d107bde3e9c0e69b2', 2, '<p></p>\n<!--[CDATA[Bonne réponse !]]-->', NULL, 'eb0311634b23066b3cc5e44071351974', 1731481080),
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(269, 'id_questiontext', 14, '33168d9b56170f37813fce1861423170cbf4cde6', 2, '<p></p>\n<!--[CDATA[à l\'issue d\'une opération d\'entretien ayant immobilisé l\'avion, quelle est la mention autorisant la remise en service qui doit être apposée sur le carnet de route?]]-->', NULL, '222e03e416b8d4601697f00914f09c36', 1731565252),
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(284, 'id_answer_0', 14, '7b30b69dc51dd0d44499ad029a6043a224aafe93', 2, '<p></p>\n<!--[CDATA[<p>you must wait for an alphajet</p>]]-->', NULL, '21598271f207cb5295e1db4d0e093a6d', 1731565748),
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INSERT INTO `mdl_tiny_autosave` (`id`, `elementid`, `contextid`, `pagehash`, `userid`, `drafttext`, `draftid`, `pageinstance`, `timemodified`) VALUES
(629, 'id_introeditor', 88, '5e47789116a544ad697706f392887d1982334946', 2, '<h4>Liste du vocabulaire aéronautique exigible</h4>\n<p></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ecf0f1; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">English</th>\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Français</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">a control</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commande (une)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight-control system</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">système de commandes de vol électrique</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aft</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">arrière (vers l\'arrière de l\'appareil)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aileron</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aileron</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">air cooling</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">refroidissement par air</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airbrakes</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aérofreins</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airbrakes lever</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commande d\'aérofreins</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airflow</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">écoulement de l’air (vent relatif)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airfoil</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">profil</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airport control tower</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tour de contrôle</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airspeed indicator</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">anémomètre ou Badin</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altimeter</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altimètre</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altitude</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altitude</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">approach</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">approche</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">automatic direction finder (ADF)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">radio compas</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bolt</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boulon</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">burner</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brûleur</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cabin (or cockpit)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cabine (ou habitacle)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">canard plane</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion canard (ou plan canard)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">canopy</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">verrière</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ceiling</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">plafond</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">clearance</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">autorisation (clairance)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cleared (for something)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">autorisé (pour une option)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cloud</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nuage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cockpit</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">habitacle</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">compass</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boussole ou compas</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">connecting rod</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bielle</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">constant speed propeller</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hélice à vitesse constante</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">contrails</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">traînée de condensation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crankcase</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">carter</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crankshaft</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vilebrequin</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crew</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">équipage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crosswind</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent de travers</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cruising speed</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vitesse de croisière</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cylinder</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cylindre</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">device</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dispositif [système]</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">diffuser</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">diffuseur</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drag</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">traînée</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drift</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dérive (au sens d’écart entre cap et route)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drizzle</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bruine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">elevator</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gouverne de profondeur</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">empennage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">empennage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">engine</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">moteur</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(duct) fan</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">soufflante (conduit de)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fixed gear</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) fixe</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flap</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volet (hypersustentateur)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flight controls</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commandes de vol</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flight data recorder</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">enregistreur de vol (données)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">float</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flotteurs</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flying boat</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hydravion à coque</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fog</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brouillard</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ft/min (feet/minute)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pieds par minute</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fuselage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fuselage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gear box</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boîte de vitesse (ou réducteur)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gust</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rafale</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">heading</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cap</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">headwind</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent de face (ou vent contraire)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">height</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hauteur</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">horizontal stabilizer</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">plan fixe horizontal</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ignition</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">allumage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inlet</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">orifice (ou entrée) d\'admission</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">instrument panel</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tableau de bord</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">jet aircraft</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à réaction</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">knot</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nœud</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">landing gear</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train d\'atterrissage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">layer</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">couche</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">leading edge</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bord d\'attaque</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lever</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">levier</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lift</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">portance</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">load factor</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">facteur de charge</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">magnetic road</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">route magnétique</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">main (landing) gear</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) principal</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">mist</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brume</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">motion</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">mouvement</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nez</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose wheel</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulette de nez</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose wheel aeroplane</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à train tricycle</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nozzle</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tuyère</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">part of an airplane</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">partie d\'un avion</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pitch</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tangage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">power plant</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bloc moteur (Groupe Moto Propulseur)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pressurized aircraft</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion pressurisé</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">propeller</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hélice</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">reactor, jet engine</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">réacteur</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">retractable gear</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train rentrant</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">reverser or thrust reverser</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inverseur de poussée</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rib</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nervure</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rivet</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rivet</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roll</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rotating light, beacon light, rotating beacon</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">feu tournant, feu anticollision, strobe</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rpm (round per minute)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tr/min (tour par minute)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rudder</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">palonnier(s) – (gouverne de direction)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rudder pedals (rudder bar)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(pédale ou commande de) palonniers</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">runway</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">piste (d\'aéroport)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">screw</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">seaplane</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hydravion à flotteurs</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p></p>\n<hr>\n<p></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ecf0f1; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Français</th>\n<th style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Anglais</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aérofreins</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airbrakes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aileron</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aileron</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aile</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">wing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ailette d’extrémité d’aile (ou penne)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">winglet</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">allumage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ignition</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altimètre</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altimeter</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altitude</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">altitude</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">amortir</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to damp</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">anémomètre ou Badin</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airspeed indicator</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">approche</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">approach</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">arrière (vers l\'arrière de l\'appareil)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">aft</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">atterrir</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to land</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">autorisation (clairance)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">clearance</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">autorisé (pour une option)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cleared (for something)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avertisseur de décrochage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">stall warning indicator, stick shaker</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à réaction</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">jet aircraft</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à train classique</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">taildragger, tail-dragger, tailwheel aircraft</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion à train tricycle</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose wheel aeroplane (or airplane or aircraft) – [tricycle landing gear aeroplane (or airplane or aircraft)]</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion canard (ou plan canard)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">canard plane</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">avion pressurisé</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pressurized aircraft</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bec (de bord d\'attaque)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">slat (of the leading edge)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bielle</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">connecting rod</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bimoteur</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">twin-engine aircraft</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bloc moteur (Groupe Moto Propulseur)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">powerplant</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boîte de vitesse (ou réducteur)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gear box</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bord d\'attaque</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">leading edge</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bord de fuite</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">trailing edge</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bougie</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">spark plug</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boulon</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bolt</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">boussole ou compas</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">compass</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brouillard</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fog</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">bruine</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drizzle</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brûleur</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">burner</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">brume</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">mist</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cabine (ou habitacle)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cabin (or cockpit)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cap</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">heading</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">carter</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crankcase</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cisaillement (de vent)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">windshear</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commande (une)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">a control</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commande d\'aérofreins</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airbrakes lever</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">commandes de vol</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flight controls</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">compenser</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to trim</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">compte-tours</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tachometer</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">couche</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">layer</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cylindre</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cylinder</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">décoller</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to take off</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">déraper</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to skid</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dérive (au sens d’objet)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vertical fin [or tail]</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dérive (écart entre cap et route)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drift</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">diffuseur</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">diffuser</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">dispositif [système]</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">device</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">écoulement de l’air (vent relatif)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airflow</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">empennage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">empennage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">enregistreur de vol (données)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flight data recorder</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">équipage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crew</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">essuie-glace</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">windshield (or windscreen) wiper</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">facteur de charge</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">load factor</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">feu tournant, feu anticollision, strobe</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rotating light, beacon light, rotating beacon</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flotteurs</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">float</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fuselage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fuselage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">glisser</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to slip</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gouverne de profondeur</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">elevator</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">habitacle</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cockpit</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hauteur</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">height</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hélice</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">propeller</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hélice à vitesse constante</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">constant speed propeller</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hydravion à coque</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flying boat</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">hydravion à flotteurs</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">seaplane</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">indicateur de virage (bille-aiguille)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">turn and slip indicator (turn coordinator)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">Informer le contrôle aérien</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to advise ATC (Air Traffic Control)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inverser (la poussée)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to reverse (thrust)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inverseur de poussée</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">reverser or thrust reverser</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lacet</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">yaw</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">levier</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lever</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lisse [dans la structure de l\'aile]</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">stringer</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">longeron</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">spar</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">manche à air</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">wind sock, wind cone</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">manche à balai – [volant]</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">stick – control column – [control wheel]</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">moteur</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">engine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">mouvement</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">motion</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nervure</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rib</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nez</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nœud</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">knot</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nuage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cloud</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">orifice (ou entrée) d\'admission</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">inlet</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(pédale de) palonnier</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rudder pedal</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">palonnier(s) – gouverne de direction</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rudder</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pare-brise</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">windshield (or windscreen)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">partie d\'un avion</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">part of an airplane</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">patins ou skis</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">skids</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">phare de roulage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">taxi light</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pieds par minute</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ft/min (feet/minute)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pilote automatique</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">the autopilot, the automatic pilot (AP)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">piste (d\'aéroport)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">runway</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">plafond</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">ceiling</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">plan fixe horizontal</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">horizontal stabilizer</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">portance</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">lift</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">poussée</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">thrust</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pousser sur le manche</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to push the stick forward</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">prendre un cap</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to set a heading</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">profil</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airfoil</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">propulser</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to propel</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">queue</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tail</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">radio compas</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">automatic direction finder (ADF)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rafale</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">gust</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">réacteur</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">reactor, jet engine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">refroidissement par air</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">air cooling</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">réservoir (d\'essence)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(fuel) tank</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">revêtement (d\'aile)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">skin</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rivet</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rivet</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulette de nez</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nose wheel</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulette de queue</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tail wheel</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roulis</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">roll</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">route magnétique</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">magnetic road</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">s’aligner</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to line up</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">saumon [d\'aile]</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">wing tip</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">scruter le ciel</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to scan the sky</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">se déplacer (au sol)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to taxi</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">sortir le train</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">to extend the gear</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">soufflante (conduit de)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(duct) fan</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">soupape (d\'admission, d\'échappement)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(intake, exhaust) valve</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">système de commandes de vol électrique</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight-control system</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tableau de bord</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">instrument panel</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tangage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">pitch</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tôle ou feuille (d’aluminium)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">(aluminium) sheet</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tour de contrôle</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">airport control tower</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tr/min (tour par minute)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">rpm (round per minute)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) fixe</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">fixed gear</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) principal</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">main (landing) gear</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train (d\'atterrissage) tricycle</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tricycle landing gear</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train d\'atterrissage</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">landing gear (ou simplement gear) – [undercarriage]</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">train rentrant</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">retractable gear</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">traînée</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">drag</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">traînée de condensation</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">contrails</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">transpondeur</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">transponder</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tuyère</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">nozzle</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">variomètre</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vertical speed indicator</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent arrière</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">tailwind</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent de face (ou vent contraire)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">headwind</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vent de travers</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crosswind</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">verrière</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">canopy</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vilebrequin</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">crankshaft</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vis</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">screw</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">vitesse de croisière</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">cruising speed</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volant</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">wheel</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volet (hypersustentateur)</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">flap</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volet compensateur</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">trim tab</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">volet à fente</td>\n<td style=\"border-color: #000000;\">slotted wing flap (or slot flap)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>', NULL, '50a39bc5fc9be3102a9146ff2d1191f3', 1734415674),
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(708, 'id_config_text_S3eeHfUS42DLVqZ', 119, '59fe42db7b8b380e0e3d9fc952b7a902684411b8', 2, '<p>Le BIA est ouvert aux candidats âgés de 13 ans au moins à la date où ils se présentent à l\'examen.</p>\n<p>Les cinq épreuves obligatoires (QCM) sont notées sur 20 : leur total est sur 100 points. La note moyenne exigée pour l\'ensemble des épreuves est de 50 points. Seuls les points supérieurs à la moyenne, obtenus à l\'épreuve facultative, sont pris en compte. La note « 0 » est éliminatoire pour toutes les épreuves obligatoires.</p>\n<p>Durée totale des épreuves : 2 heures 30 et 30 minutes de plus pour l\'épreuve en anglais.</p>\n<h5>Inscription au BIA</h5>\n<p>Pour vous inscrire, vous devez créer un compte sur l\'application <a href=\"https://cyclades.education.gouv.fr/cyccandidat/portal/login\">cyclades</a> de l\'académie de Strasbourg. L’inscription à l’examen du Brevet d’Initiation Aéronautique est gratuite.</p>\n<p>Ouverture des inscriptions au BIA : du 31 janvier au 13 mars 2025. </p>', NULL, 'bb061c7ab4f3c9531a2091b85419fc3b', 1734477128),
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(798, 'id_introeditor', 161, 'a35f93263f9afeb005537a9cf5c938708c60198b', 2, '<p>Le vol d\'un avion repose sur des principes aérodynamiques fondamentaux, qui exploitent les lois de la mécanique des fluides. Voici une explication technique détaillée :</p>\n<hr>\n<h3>1. <strong>Les forces en Jeu</strong></h3>\n<p>Un avion en vol est soumis à quatre forces principales :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Portance (Lift)</strong> : C’est la force qui s’oppose au poids de l’avion et lui permet de rester en l’air. Elle est générée par les ailes grâce à leur profil aérodynamique.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Poids (Weight)</strong> : Force gravitationnelle agissant vers le centre de la Terre.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Poussée (Thrust)</strong> : Force produite par les moteurs (turbines, hélices, etc.), permettant de compenser la traînée et d\'avancer.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Traînée (Drag)</strong> : Résistance aérodynamique opposée au mouvement de l’avion dans l’air.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>2. <strong>Le principe de la portance</strong></h3>\n<p>La portance est principalement expliquée par deux théories complémentaires :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Effet Bernoulli</strong> : Le profil asymétrique de l’aile génère une différence de vitesse entre l’air passant au-dessus et en dessous de l’aile. Selon l’équation de Bernoulli, une augmentation de la vitesse de l’air entraîne une diminution de la pression. Ainsi, une pression plus faible sur le dessus de l’aile génère une force ascendante.</li>\n<li><strong>Loi de la troisième action de Newton</strong> : L’aile dévie une partie de l’air vers le bas. En réaction, une force ascendante agit sur l’aile.</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Équation de portance :</h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex\">L=12ρv2SCLL = \\frac{1}{2} \\rho v^2 S C_L</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">LL</span> : Portance (N)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">ρ\\rho</span> : Densité de l’air (<span class=\"katex\">kg/m3\\text{kg/m}^3</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">vv</span> : Vitesse de l’air relatif (<span class=\"katex\">m/s\\text{m/s}</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">SS</span> : Surface alaire (<span class=\"katex\">m2\\text{m}^2</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">CLC_L</span> : Coefficient de portance (dépendant de l’angle d’attaque et du profil de l’aile)</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>3. <strong>Le contrôle du vol</strong></h3>\n<p>Un avion est contrôlé grâce à des surfaces mobiles permettant de modifier les forces aérodynamiques :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gouverne de profondeur</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le tangage (montée/descente).</li>\n<li><strong>Ailerons</strong> (aux extrémités des ailes) : Contrôlent le roulis (inclinaison latérale).</li>\n<li><strong>Gouverne de direction</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le lacet (direction gauche/droite).</li>\n<li><strong>Volets</strong> (le long des ailes) : Augmentent la portance ou la traînée pour faciliter le décollage et l’atterrissage.</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>4. <strong>La propulsion</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Turbopropulseurs</strong> : Moteurs équipés d’une hélice, efficaces pour des vitesses modérées.</li>\n<li><strong>Turboréacteurs</strong> : Utilisent des turbines pour comprimer l’air, le mélanger au carburant, et expulser les gaz à haute vitesse, générant une poussée.</li>\n<li><strong>Turbofans</strong> : Combinaison d’un réacteur et d’un ventilateur pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique à des vitesses élevées.</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Équation de poussée :</h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex\">F=m˙⋅ve−m˙⋅v0F = \\dot{m} \\cdot v_e - \\dot{m} \\cdot v_0</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">FF</span> : Poussée (N)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">m˙\\dot{m}</span> : Débit massique de l’air (<span class=\"katex\">kg/s\\text{kg/s}</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">vev_e</span> : Vitesse d’éjection (<span class=\"katex\">m/s\\text{m/s}</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">v0v_0</span> : Vitesse d’entrée (<span class=\"katex\">m/s\\text{m/s}</span>)</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>5. <strong>Stabilité et performances</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Centre de gravité (CG)</strong> : Doit être bien positionné pour garantir la stabilité longitudinale.</li>\n<li><strong>Centre de poussée (CP)</strong> : Point où la portance est appliquée. Sa position par rapport au CG influence l’équilibre de l’avion.</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>6. <strong>Altitude et atmosphère</strong></h3>\n<p>À haute altitude, la densité de l’air (<span class=\"katex\">ρ\\rho</span>) diminue, réduisant la portance et la traînée. Les moteurs doivent compenser cette baisse en maintenant une poussée suffisante.</p>\n<h4>Variation de la densité avec l’altitude (modèle standard de l’atmosphère) :</h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex\">ρ=ρ0⋅(1−h44330)4.256\\rho = \\rho_0 \\cdot \\left( 1 - \\frac{h}{44330} \\right)^4.256</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">ρ0\\rho_0</span> : Densité au niveau de la mer (<span class=\"katex\">1.225 kg/m31.225 \\, \\text{kg/m}^3</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">hh</span> : Altitude (<span class=\"katex\">m\\text{m}</span>)</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<p>Ce concept s’applique à des avions subsoniques standards. Pour les vols supersoniques, des phénomènes comme les ondes de choc et la compressibilité de l’air entrent en jeu, nécessitant une analyse plus complexe.</p>', NULL, 'dab3a4142681a2b0342cd9da032eeb94', 1735368879);
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(804, 'id_introeditor', 161, '6e029d5301f075d023964e6469a64064da28076a', 2, '<h1>Concepts Aéronautiques</h1>\n<p>Le vol d\'un avion repose sur des principes aérodynamiques fondamentaux, qui exploitent les lois de la mécanique des fluides. Voici une explication technique détaillée :</p>\n<hr>\n<h2>1. Les Forces en Jeu</h2>\n<p>Un avion en vol est soumis à quatre forces principales :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Portance (Lift)</strong> : C’est la force qui s’oppose au poids de l’avion et lui permet de rester en l’air. Elle est générée par les ailes grâce à leur profil aérodynamique.</li>\n<li><strong>Poids (Weight)</strong> : Force gravitationnelle agissant vers le centre de la Terre.</li>\n<li><strong>Poussée (Thrust)</strong> : Force produite par les moteurs (turbines, hélices, etc.), permettant de compenser la traînée et d\'avancer.</li>\n<li><strong>Traînée (Drag)</strong> : Résistance aérodynamique opposée au mouvement de l’avion dans l’air.</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>2. Le Principe de la Portance</h2>\n<p>La portance est principalement expliquée par deux théories complémentaires :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Effet Bernoulli</strong> : Le profil asymétrique de l’aile génère une différence de vitesse entre l’air passant au-dessus et en dessous de l’aile. Selon l’équation de Bernoulli, une augmentation de la vitesse de l’air entraîne une diminution de la pression. Ainsi, une pression plus faible sur le dessus de l’aile génère une force ascendante.</li>\n<li><strong>Loi de la Troisième Action de Newton</strong> : L’aile dévie une partie de l’air vers le bas. En réaction, une force ascendante agit sur l’aile.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Équation de portance :</strong></p>\n<p>\\[ L = \\frac{1}{2} \\rho v^2 S C_L \\]</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(L\\) : Portance (N)</li>\n<li>\\(\\rho\\) : Densité de l’air (\\(\\text{kg/m}^3\\))</li>\n<li>\\(v\\) : Vitesse de l’air relatif (\\(\\text{m/s}\\))</li>\n<li>\\(S\\) : Surface alaire (\\(\\text{m}^2\\))</li>\n<li>\\(C_L\\) : Coefficient de portance (dépendant de l’angle d’attaque et du profil de l’aile)</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>3. Le Contrôle du Vol</h2>\n<p>Un avion est contrôlé grâce à des surfaces mobiles permettant de modifier les forces aérodynamiques :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gouverne de profondeur</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le tangage (montée/descente).</li>\n<li><strong>Ailerons</strong> (aux extrémités des ailes) : Contrôlent le roulis (inclinaison latérale).</li>\n<li><strong>Gouverne de direction</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le lacet (direction gauche/droite).</li>\n<li><strong>Volets</strong> (le long des ailes) : Augmentent la portance ou la traînée pour faciliter le décollage et l’atterrissage.</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>4. La Propulsion</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Turbopropulseurs</strong> : Moteurs équipés d’une hélice, efficaces pour des vitesses modérées.</li>\n<li><strong>Turboréacteurs</strong> : Utilisent des turbines pour comprimer l’air, le mélanger au carburant, et expulser les gaz à haute vitesse, générant une poussée.</li>\n<li><strong>Turbofans</strong> : Combinaison d’un réacteur et d’un ventilateur pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique à des vitesses élevées.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Équation de poussée :</strong></p>\n<p>\\[ F = \\dot{m} \\cdot v_e - \\dot{m} \\cdot v_0 \\]</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(F\\) : Poussée (N)</li>\n<li>\\(\\dot{m}\\) : Débit massique de l’air (\\(\\text{kg/s}\\))</li>\n<li>\\(v_e\\) : Vitesse d’éjection (\\(\\text{m/s}\\))</li>\n<li>\\(v_0\\) : Vitesse d’entrée (\\(\\text{m/s}\\))</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>5. Stabilité et Performances</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Centre de gravité (CG)</strong> : Doit être bien positionné pour garantir la stabilité longitudinale.</li>\n<li><strong>Centre de poussée (CP)</strong> : Point où la portance est appliquée. Sa position par rapport au CG influence l’équilibre de l’avion.</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>6. Altitude et Atmosphère</h2>\n<p>À haute altitude, la densité de l’air (\\(\\rho\\)) diminue, réduisant la portance et la traînée. Les moteurs doivent compenser cette baisse en maintenant une poussée suffisante.</p>\n<p><strong>Variation de la densité avec l’altitude (modèle standard de l’atmosphère) :</strong></p>\n<p>\\[ \\rho = \\rho_0 \\cdot \\left( 1 - \\frac{h}{44330} \\right)^{4.256} \\]</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(\\rho_0\\) : Densité au niveau de la mer (\\(1.225 \\, \\text{kg/m}^3\\))</li>\n<li>\\(h\\) : Altitude (\\(\\text{m}\\))</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<p>Ce concept s’applique à des avions subsoniques standards. Pour les vols supersoniques, des phénomènes comme les ondes de choc et la compressibilité de l’air entrent en jeu, nécessitant une analyse plus complexe.</p>\n<p>Le vol d\'un avion repose sur des principes aérodynamiques fondamentaux, qui exploitent les lois de la mécanique des fluides. Voici une explication technique détaillée :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Équation en ligne</strong> : \\( L = \\frac{1}{2} \\rho v^2 S C_L \\)</li>\n<li><strong>Équation en bloc</strong> : \\[ \\rho = \\rho_0 \\cdot \\left( 1 - \\frac{h}{44330} \\right)^{4.256} \\]</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>1. <strong>Les forces en Jeu</strong></h3>\n<p>Un avion en vol est soumis à quatre forces principales :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Portance (Lift)</strong> : C’est la force qui s’oppose au poids de l’avion et lui permet de rester en l’air. Elle est générée par les ailes grâce à leur profil aérodynamique.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Poids (Weight)</strong> : Force gravitationnelle agissant vers le centre de la Terre.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Poussée (Thrust)</strong> : Force produite par les moteurs (turbines, hélices, etc.), permettant de compenser la traînée et d\'avancer.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Traînée (Drag)</strong> : Résistance aérodynamique opposée au mouvement de l’avion dans l’air.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>2. <strong>Le principe de la portance</strong></h3>\n<p>La portance est principalement expliquée par deux théories complémentaires :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Effet Bernoulli</strong> : Le profil asymétrique de l’aile génère une différence de vitesse entre l’air passant au-dessus et en dessous de l’aile. Selon l’équation de Bernoulli, une augmentation de la vitesse de l’air entraîne une diminution de la pression. Ainsi, une pression plus faible sur le dessus de l’aile génère une force ascendante.</li>\n<li><strong>Loi de la troisième action de Newton</strong> : L’aile dévie une partie de l’air vers le bas. En réaction, une force ascendante agit sur l’aile.</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Équation de portance :</h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex\"> \\[L=12ρv2SCLL = \\frac{1}{2} \\rho v^2 S C_L \\]</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">LL</span> : Portance (N)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">\\(ρ\\rho</span> : Densité de l’air \\( (<span class=\"katex\">kg/m3\\text{kg/m}^3</span>) \\)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">vv</span> : Vitesse de l’air relatif (<span class=\"katex\">m/s\\text{m/s}</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">SS</span> : Surface alaire (<span class=\"katex\">m2\\text{m}^2</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">CLC_L</span> : Coefficient de portance (dépendant de l’angle d’attaque et du profil de l’aile)</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>3. <strong>Le contrôle du vol</strong></h3>\n<p>Un avion est contrôlé grâce à des surfaces mobiles permettant de modifier les forces aérodynamiques :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gouverne de profondeur</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le tangage (montée/descente).</li>\n<li><strong>Ailerons</strong> (aux extrémités des ailes) : Contrôlent le roulis (inclinaison latérale).</li>\n<li><strong>Gouverne de direction</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le lacet (direction gauche/droite).</li>\n<li><strong>Volets</strong> (le long des ailes) : Augmentent la portance ou la traînée pour faciliter le décollage et l’atterrissage.</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>4. <strong>La propulsion</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Turbopropulseurs</strong> : Moteurs équipés d’une hélice, efficaces pour des vitesses modérées.</li>\n<li><strong>Turboréacteurs</strong> : Utilisent des turbines pour comprimer l’air, le mélanger au carburant, et expulser les gaz à haute vitesse, générant une poussée.</li>\n<li><strong>Turbofans</strong> : Combinaison d’un réacteur et d’un ventilateur pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique à des vitesses élevées.</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Équation de poussée :</h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex\">F=m˙⋅ve−m˙⋅v0F = \\dot{m} \\cdot v_e - \\dot{m} \\cdot v_0</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">FF</span> : Poussée (N)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">m˙\\dot{m}</span> : Débit massique de l’air (<span class=\"katex\">kg/s\\text{kg/s}</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">vev_e</span> : Vitesse d’éjection (<span class=\"katex\">m/s\\text{m/s}</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">v0v_0</span> : Vitesse d’entrée (<span class=\"katex\">m/s\\text{m/s}</span>)</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>5. <strong>Stabilité et performances</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Centre de gravité (CG)</strong> : Doit être bien positionné pour garantir la stabilité longitudinale.</li>\n<li><strong>Centre de poussée (CP)</strong> : Point où la portance est appliquée. Sa position par rapport au CG influence l’équilibre de l’avion.</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3>6. <strong>Altitude et atmosphère</strong></h3>\n<p>À haute altitude, la densité de l’air (<span class=\"katex\">ρ\\rho</span>) diminue, réduisant la portance et la traînée. Les moteurs doivent compenser cette baisse en maintenant une poussée suffisante.</p>\n<h4>Variation de la densité avec l’altitude (modèle standard de l’atmosphère) :</h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex\">ρ=ρ0⋅(1−h44330)4.256\\rho = \\rho_0 \\cdot \\left( 1 - \\frac{h}{44330} \\right)^4.256</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">ρ0\\rho_0</span> : Densité au niveau de la mer (<span class=\"katex\">1.225 kg/m31.225 \\, \\text{kg/m}^3</span>)</li>\n<li><span class=\"katex\">hh</span> : Altitude (<span class=\"katex\">m\\text{m}</span>)</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<p>Ce concept s’applique à des avions subsoniques standards. Pour les vols supersoniques, des phénomènes comme les ondes de choc et la compressibilité de l’air entrent en jeu, nécessitant une analyse plus complexe.</p>', NULL, '2e64f2e3cb32127b6a228fabaf5ec5a1', 1735369986),
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(1300, 'id_introeditor', 161, '6ae411b9bdbffbf68a7e3d977c1743b7da453ece', 2, '<h1> </h1>\n<h1>Concepts aéronautiques</h1>\n<p>Le vol d\'un avion repose sur des principes aérodynamiques fondamentaux, qui exploitent les lois de la mécanique des fluides.</p>\n<p>Un avion en vol est soumis à quatre forces principales :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Portance (Lift - Rz)</strong> : C’est la force qui s’oppose au poids de l’avion et lui permet de rester en l’air. Elle est générée par les ailes grâce à leur profil aérodynamique.</li>\n<li><strong>Poids (Weight - mg)</strong> : Force gravitationnelle agissant vers le centre de la Terre.</li>\n<li><strong>Poussée (Thrust - T)</strong> : Force produite par les moteurs (turbines, hélices, etc.), permettant de compenser la traînée et d\'avancer.</li>\n<li><strong>Traînée (Drag - Rx)</strong> : Résistance aérodynamique opposée au mouvement de l’avion dans l’air.</li>\n</ul>\n<p></p>\n<p>Voici une explication technique détaillée :</p>\n<hr>\n<h2>1. Les forces en jeu selon les phases de vol :</h2>\n<h4> </h4>\n<h4><strong>En vol horizontal (palier)</strong> :</h4>\n<p></p>\n<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/draftfile.php/5/user/draft/267784629/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%20du%202024-12-28%2008-27-53.png\" alt=\"Les quatre forces sur un avion\" width=\"502\" height=\"294\"></p>\n<ul>\n<li>La <strong>portance</strong> équilibre la composante principale du poids.</li>\n<li>La <strong>traction</strong> équilibre la somme de la traînée et de la petite composante du poids.</li>\n</ul>\n<h4> </h4>\n<h4><strong>En montée</strong> :</h4>\n<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/draftfile.php/5/user/draft/267784629/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%20du%202024-12-28%2008-31-24.png\" alt=\"Les forces en montée\" width=\"403\" height=\"275\"></p>\n<ul>\n<li>La <strong>portance</strong> équilibre la grande composante du poids.</li>\n<li>La <strong>traction</strong> doit compenser la traînée et la petite composante du poids. Elle doit donc être <strong>plus importante</strong> qu’en vol horizontal.</li>\n</ul>\n<h4> </h4>\n<h4><strong>En descente</strong> :</h4>\n<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/draftfile.php/5/user/draft/267784629/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%20du%202024-12-28%2008-31-32.png\" alt=\"Les forces en descente\" width=\"403\" height=\"275\"></p>\n<ul>\n<li>La <strong>portance</strong> équilibre la composante principale du poids.</li>\n<li>La somme de la <strong>traction</strong> et de la petite composante du poids équilibre la traînée.<br>Par conséquent, la <strong>traction</strong> doit être <strong>moins importante</strong> qu’en vol horizontal.</li>\n</ul>\n<p></p>\n<hr>\n<h2>2. Le principe de la portance</h2>\n<p>La portance est principalement expliquée par deux théories complémentaires :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Effet Bernoulli</strong> : Le profil asymétrique de l’aile génère une différence de vitesse entre l’air passant au-dessus et en dessous de l’aile. Selon l’équation de Bernoulli, une augmentation de la vitesse de l’air entraîne une diminution de la pression. Ainsi, une pression plus faible sur le dessus de l’aile génère une force ascendante.</li>\n<li><strong>Loi de la Troisième Action de Newton</strong> : L’aile dévie une partie de l’air vers le bas. En réaction, une force ascendante agit sur l’aile.</li>\n</ul>\n<p></p>\n<p><strong>Équation de portance :</strong></p>\n<p>\\[ L = \\frac{1}{2} \\rho v^2 S C_L \\]</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(L\\) : Portance (N)</li>\n<li>\\(\\rho\\) : Densité de l’air (\\(\\text{kg/m}^3\\))</li>\n<li>\\(v\\) : Vitesse de l’air relatif (\\(\\text{m/s}\\))</li>\n<li>\\(S\\) : Surface alaire (\\(\\text{m}^2\\))</li>\n<li>\\(C_L\\) : Coefficient de portance (dépendant de l’angle d’attaque et du profil de l’aile)</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>3. Le contrôle du vol</h2>\n<p>Un avion est contrôlé grâce à des surfaces mobiles permettant de modifier les forces aérodynamiques :</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gouverne de profondeur</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le tangage (montée/descente).</li>\n<li><strong>Ailerons</strong> (aux extrémités des ailes) : Contrôlent le roulis (inclinaison latérale).</li>\n<li><strong>Gouverne de direction</strong> (sur la queue) : Contrôle le lacet (direction gauche/droite).</li>\n<li><strong>Volets</strong> (le long des ailes) : Augmentent la portance ou la traînée pour faciliter le décollage et l’atterrissage.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img class=\"img-fluid\" src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/draftfile.php/5/user/draft/267784629/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%20du%202024-12-28%2023-46-12.png\" alt=\"Les différents axes dans un avion\" width=\"610\" height=\"392\"></p>\n<hr>\n<h2>4. La propulsion</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Turbopropulseurs</strong> : Moteurs équipés d’une hélice, efficaces pour des vitesses modérées.</li>\n<li><strong>Turboréacteurs</strong> : Utilisent des turbines pour comprimer l’air, le mélanger au carburant, et expulser les gaz à haute vitesse, générant une poussée.</li>\n<li><strong>Turbofans</strong> : Combinaison d’un réacteur et d’un ventilateur pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique à des vitesses élevées.</li>\n</ul>\n<p></p>\n<p><strong>Équation de poussée :</strong></p>\n<p>\\[ F = \\dot{m} \\cdot v_e - \\dot{m} \\cdot v_0 \\]</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(F\\) : Poussée (N)</li>\n<li>\\(\\dot{m}\\) : Débit massique de l’air (\\(\\text{kg/s}\\))</li>\n<li>\\(v_e\\) : Vitesse d’éjection (\\(\\text{m/s}\\))</li>\n<li>\\(v_0\\) : Vitesse d’entrée (\\(\\text{m/s}\\))</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>5. Stabilité et performances</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Centre de gravité (CG)</strong> : Doit être bien positionné pour garantir la stabilité longitudinale.</li>\n<li><strong>Centre de poussée (CP)</strong> : Point où la portance est appliquée. Sa position par rapport au CG influence l’équilibre de l’avion.</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>6. Altitude et atmosphère</h2>\n<p>À haute altitude, la densité de l’air (\\(\\rho\\)) diminue, réduisant la portance et la traînée. Les moteurs doivent compenser cette baisse en maintenant une poussée suffisante.</p>\n<p><strong>Variation de la densité avec l’altitude (modèle standard de l’atmosphère) :</strong></p>\n<p>\\[ \\rho = \\rho_0 \\cdot \\left( 1 - \\frac{h}{44330} \\right)^{4.256} \\]</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(\\rho_0\\) : Densité au niveau de la mer (\\(1.225 \\, \\text{kg/m}^3\\))</li>\n<li>\\(h\\) : Altitude (\\(\\text{m}\\))</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<p>Ce concept s’applique à des avions subsoniques standards. Pour les vols supersoniques, des phénomènes comme les ondes de choc et la compressibilité de l’air entrent en jeu, nécessitant une analyse plus complexe.</p>', NULL, '304c93607a09396a99b9b83566845635', 1735936409);
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(1303, 'id_introeditor', 180, 'f0c73cde4d82feec598374537680cd2a2b29f3df', 2, '<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Sommaire</h4>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark0\">Chapitre 1 : Étude des aéronefs et des engins spatiaux 1</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark1\">Partie 1 : La Classification des aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark1\">3</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l2\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark2\">Les familles d’aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark2\">3</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l3\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark3\">Les Aérostats </a><a href=\"#bookmark3\">3</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark4\">Les Aérodynes </a><a href=\"#bookmark4\">4</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark5\">La Composition générale des aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark5\">7</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark6\">Les véhicules aérospatiaux ou spatiaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark6\">8</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l4\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark7\">Les lanceurs </a><a href=\"#bookmark7\">8</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark8\">Les satellites </a><a href=\"#bookmark8\">9</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark9\">Partie 2 : Les Cellules </a><a href=\"#bookmark9\">11</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l5\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark10\">La Structure d’une cellule </a><a href=\"#bookmark10\">11</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l6\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark11\">Les Forces et les contraintes s’exerçant sur un avion </a><a href=\"#bookmark11\">11</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark12\">Les matériaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark12\">12</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark13\">La structure du fuselage </a><a href=\"#bookmark13\">14</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark14\">Structure de la voilure </a><a href=\"#bookmark14\">16</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark15\">La voilure </a><a href=\"#bookmark15\">16</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l7\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 124pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark16\">Emplanture </a><a href=\"#bookmark16\">17</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark17\">Géométrie </a><a href=\"#bookmark17\">17</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"file://localhost/C:/Users/Rapha%C3%83%C2%ABl/Downloads/wetransfer-f2ed43/BIA%20-%202021%20-%20VF.docx%23_Toc76670362\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">. Géométrie </a><a href=\"file://localhost/C:/Users/Rapha%C3%83%C2%ABl/Downloads/wetransfer-f2ed43/BIA%20-%202021%20-%20VF.docx%23_Toc76670362\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">17</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark18\">Caractéristiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark18\">19</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark19\">Le Dièdre </a><a href=\"#bookmark19\">19</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark20\">Empennages et gouvernes </a><a href=\"#bookmark20\">20</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l8\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark21\">L’empennage </a><a href=\"#bookmark21\">20</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark22\">La gouverne de profondeur </a><a href=\"#bookmark22\">22</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark23\">Les ailerons </a><a href=\"#bookmark23\">22</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark24\">La gouverne de direction </a><a href=\"#bookmark24\">22</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark25\">Le train d’atterrissage </a><a href=\"#bookmark25\">23</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark26\">Partie 3 : Les Groupes Motopropulseurs (G.M.P.) </a><a href=\"#bookmark26\">26</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l9\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark27\">L’Hélice </a><a href=\"#bookmark27\">26</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l10\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark28\">La Composition </a><a href=\"#bookmark28\">26</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark29\">Le Fonctionnement </a><a href=\"#bookmark29\">27</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark30\">Les différents types d’hélices </a><a href=\"#bookmark30\">28</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark31\">Les moteurs à pistons </a><a href=\"#bookmark31\">28</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l11\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark32\">La Composition </a><a href=\"#bookmark32\">28</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark33\">Le fonctionnement d’un moteur thermique </a><a href=\"#bookmark33\">29</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark34\">L’Alimentation en carburant </a><a href=\"#bookmark34\">30</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark35\">L’Elaboration du mélange air-essence </a><a href=\"#bookmark35\">30</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark36\">L’Allumage </a><a href=\"#bookmark36\">31</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark37\">Les turboréacteurs </a><a href=\"#bookmark37\">31</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l12\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark38\">Le principe de fonctionnement </a><a href=\"#bookmark38\">31</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark39\">Le Principe du Réacteur à simple flux </a><a href=\"#bookmark39\">32</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark40\">Le Turboréacteur à double flux </a><a href=\"#bookmark40\">32</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark41\">Les autres turbomachines </a><a href=\"#bookmark41\">33</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l13\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark42\">Le Turbopropulseur </a><a href=\"#bookmark42\">33</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark43\">Le Turbomoteur </a><a href=\"#bookmark43\">34</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark44\">Le Statoréacteur </a><a href=\"#bookmark44\">35</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark45\">Partie 4 : Les Instruments de bord </a><a href=\"#bookmark45\">36</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l14\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark46\">Les instruments barométriques </a><a href=\"#bookmark46\">37</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l15\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark47\">L’Anémomètre (Airspeed Indicator) ou Badin </a><a href=\"#bookmark47\">37</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark48\">L’Altimètre (Altimeter) </a><a href=\"#bookmark48\">38</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark49\">Le Variomètre (Vertical Speed Indicator) </a><a href=\"#bookmark49\">39</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark50\">Les instruments gyroscopiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark50\">41</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l16\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark51\">L’indicateur de virage (Turn and Slip Indicator) </a><a href=\"#bookmark51\">41</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark52\">La Bille </a><a href=\"#bookmark52\">42</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark53\">L’horizon artificiel (Artificial Horizon ou Attitude Indicator) </a><a href=\"#bookmark53\">43</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark54\">Le conservateur de cap ou directionnel (Heading Indicator ou Directional Gyro Indicator DGI) </a><a href=\"#bookmark54\">44</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark55\">Le compas (Magnetic Compass) (Instrument non gyroscopique) </a><a href=\"#bookmark55\">45</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark56\">Les autres instruments </a><a href=\"#bookmark56\">46</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l17\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark57\">Les instruments de radionavigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark57\">46</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark58\">Les instruments de contrôle </a><a href=\"#bookmark58\">46</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark59\">Les EFIS (Electronic Flight Information Systems) </a><a href=\"#bookmark59\">46</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark60\">Complément : English vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark60\">47</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l18\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark61\">Aircraft types </a><a href=\"#bookmark61\">47</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark62\">Aircraft composition and structure </a><a href=\"#bookmark62\">49</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark63\">Landing gear ; Wheel Layouts </a><a href=\"#bookmark63\">50</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark64\">Wings and controls </a><a href=\"#bookmark64\">51</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark65\">Wings angle </a><a href=\"#bookmark65\">52</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark66\">Wings shapes </a><a href=\"#bookmark66\">53</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark67\">Tails designs </a><a href=\"#bookmark67\">54</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"V.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark68\">Engines </a><a href=\"#bookmark68\">56</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark69\">Chapitre 2 : Aérodynamique, aérostatique et principes du vol 61</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark70\">Partie 1 : Aérodynamique </a><a href=\"#bookmark70\">63</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l19\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark71\">Comment vole un avion ? </a><a href=\"#bookmark71\">63</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l20\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark72\">Les Caractéristiques d’un profil d’aile </a><a href=\"#bookmark72\">63</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark73\">L’écoulement de l’air autour du profil </a><a href=\"#bookmark73\">63</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark74\">L’angle d’incidence </a><a href=\"#bookmark74\">64</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark75\">Les forces aérodynamiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark75\">65</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark76\">Portance et trainée </a><a href=\"#bookmark76\">65</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"F.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark77\">Foyer </a><a href=\"#bookmark77\">67</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"G.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark78\">Exemples de profil </a><a href=\"#bookmark78\">67</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark79\">Etude de la polaire </a><a href=\"#bookmark79\">69</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l21\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark80\">Etude du coefficient de portance </a><a href=\"#bookmark80\">69</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark81\">Le décrochage </a><a href=\"#bookmark81\">69</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark82\">Etude du coefficient de trainée </a><a href=\"#bookmark82\">70</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark83\">La polaire d’une aile </a><a href=\"#bookmark83\">73</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark84\">La finesse </a><a href=\"#bookmark84\">74</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark85\">Caractéristiques d’une voilure </a><a href=\"#bookmark85\">75</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l22\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark86\">Caractéristiques géométriques </a><a href=\"#bookmark86\">75</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark87\">Becs et volets </a><a href=\"#bookmark87\">77</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark88\">Autres dispositifs </a><a href=\"#bookmark88\">79</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark89\">Partie 2 : Etude du vol stabilisé </a><a href=\"#bookmark89\">81</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l23\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark90\">Les forces en jeu </a><a href=\"#bookmark90\">81</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l24\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark91\">En palier </a><a href=\"#bookmark91\">82</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark92\">En montée </a><a href=\"#bookmark92\">82</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark93\">En descente </a><a href=\"#bookmark93\">82</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark94\">Tangage-Roulis-Lacet </a><a href=\"#bookmark94\">83</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l25\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark95\">L’Axe de Tangage </a><a href=\"#bookmark95\">83</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark96\">L’Axe de Roulis </a><a href=\"#bookmark96\">88</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 128pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark97\">L’axe de Lacet </a><a href=\"#bookmark97\">90</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark98\">Le Facteur de charge </a><a href=\"#bookmark98\">92</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l26\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark99\">En vol longitudinal </a><a href=\"#bookmark99\">92</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark100\">En virage symétrique </a><a href=\"#bookmark100\">93</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark101\">Facteur de charge et vitesse de décrochage </a><a href=\"#bookmark101\">93</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark102\">Le décollage et l’atterrissage </a><a href=\"#bookmark102\">94</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l27\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark103\">Le décollage </a><a href=\"#bookmark103\">94</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark104\">L’atterrissage </a><a href=\"#bookmark104\">95</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark105\">Partie 3 : Aérostation et vol spatial </a><a href=\"#bookmark105\">96</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l28\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark106\">L’aérostation </a><a href=\"#bookmark106\">96</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l29\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark107\">La poussée d’Archimède </a><a href=\"#bookmark107\">96</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark108\">Les ballons à air chaud </a><a href=\"#bookmark108\">97</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark109\">Les ballons à gaz </a><a href=\"#bookmark109\">97</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark110\">Contrôle de la trajectoire </a><a href=\"#bookmark110\">97</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 110pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark111\">Le vol spatial </a><a href=\"#bookmark111\">98</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l30\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark112\">Trajectoire de lancement et mise en orbite </a><a href=\"#bookmark112\">98</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark113\">Vol orbital et spatial </a><a href=\"#bookmark113\">100</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark114\">Complément : English vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark114\">101</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l31\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 106pt; text-indent: -8pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark115\">Aerodynamics </a><a href=\"#bookmark115\">101</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 110pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark116\">Mechanics of flight </a><a href=\"#bookmark116\">102</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark117\">Chapitre 3 : Météorolgie et aérologie 105</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark118\">Partie 1 : Température, pression et vent </a><a href=\"#bookmark118\">107</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l32\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 106pt; text-indent: -8pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark119\">L’atmosphère </a><a href=\"#bookmark119\">107</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l33\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark120\">Qu’est-ce que l’atmosphère ? </a><a href=\"#bookmark120\">107</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark121\">La Composition de l’atmosphère </a><a href=\"#bookmark121\">108</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark122\">L’atmosphère « standard » ou de référence </a><a href=\"#bookmark122\">108</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark123\">La température et les échanges thermiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark123\">109</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l34\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark124\">La température </a><a href=\"#bookmark124\">109</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark125\">Variations de température </a><a href=\"#bookmark125\">109</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark126\">Echanges thermiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark126\">110</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark127\">La pression et le vent </a><a href=\"#bookmark127\">111</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l35\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark128\">La Pression de l’atmosphère </a><a href=\"#bookmark128\">111</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark129\">La Mesure de la pression atmosphérique </a><a href=\"#bookmark129\">112</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark130\">Les Champs de pression </a><a href=\"#bookmark130\">112</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark131\">Les Calages altimétriques </a><a href=\"#bookmark131\">114</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark132\">La Mesure, la direction et l’observation du vent </a><a href=\"#bookmark132\">115</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark133\">Les perturbations et les fronts </a><a href=\"#bookmark133\">117</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l36\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark134\">La circulation atmosphérique </a><a href=\"#bookmark134\">117</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark135\">Les Masses d’air </a><a href=\"#bookmark135\">118</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark136\">Les fronts </a><a href=\"#bookmark136\">119</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark137\">Partie 2 : Nuages et précipitations </a><a href=\"#bookmark137\">120</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l37\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark138\">L’eau dans l’atmosphère </a><a href=\"#bookmark138\">120</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l38\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark139\">Humidité </a><a href=\"#bookmark139\">120</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark140\">Autres phénomènes </a><a href=\"#bookmark140\">121</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark141\">La Trainée de condensation </a><a href=\"#bookmark141\">122</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark142\">Formation des nuages </a><a href=\"#bookmark142\">122</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l39\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark143\">Cas de la stabilité </a><a href=\"#bookmark143\">124</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark144\">Cas de l’instabilité </a><a href=\"#bookmark144\">125</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark145\">Classification des nuages </a><a href=\"#bookmark145\">125</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l40\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark146\">Noms des nuages </a><a href=\"#bookmark146\">126</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark147\">Les nuages associés aux fronts </a><a href=\"#bookmark147\">127</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -32pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark148\">Les précipitations </a><a href=\"#bookmark148\">127</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l41\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark149\">La formation des précipitations </a><a href=\"#bookmark149\">127</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark150\">La classification des précipitations </a><a href=\"#bookmark150\">128</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark151\">Partie 3 : Les phénomènes dangereux pour l’aéronautique </a><a href=\"#bookmark151\">130</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l42\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark152\">Brumes et brouillards </a><a href=\"#bookmark152\">130</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l43\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark153\">La Brume </a><a href=\"#bookmark153\">130</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark154\">La Brume sèche </a><a href=\"#bookmark154\">130</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark155\">Le Brouillard </a><a href=\"#bookmark155\">130</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark156\">Le givrage </a><a href=\"#bookmark156\">131</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l44\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark157\">Catégories de givrage </a><a href=\"#bookmark157\">131</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark158\">La Prévention / l’Elimination </a><a href=\"#bookmark158\">133</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark159\">Les cumulonimbus </a><a href=\"#bookmark159\">134</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark160\">Les phénomènes météorologiques locaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark160\">135</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l45\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark161\">L’effet de Foehn </a><a href=\"#bookmark161\">135</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark162\">La Brise </a><a href=\"#bookmark162\">136</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark163\">Les ondes orographiques et la turbulence </a><a href=\"#bookmark163\">137</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark164\">Le Jet-stream ou Courant Jet </a><a href=\"#bookmark164\">138</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark165\">Les vents locaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark165\">139</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark166\">Partie 4 : L’information météorologique </a><a href=\"#bookmark166\">140</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l46\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark167\">Les cartes </a><a href=\"#bookmark167\">140</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l47\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark168\">Carte TEMSI- (TEMps SIgnificatif) </a><a href=\"#bookmark168\">140</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark169\">La Carte des vents et des températures prévues </a><a href=\"#bookmark169\">142</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark170\">Les messages </a><a href=\"#bookmark170\">143</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l48\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark171\">METAR : (METeorological Aerodrome Report ou METeorological Airport Report) </a><a href=\"#bookmark171\">143</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark172\">Le TAF (Terminal Area Forecast) </a><a href=\"#bookmark172\">145</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark173\">Le dossier météo </a><a href=\"#bookmark173\">145</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark174\">English vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark174\">147</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 97pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark175\">Weather Vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark175\">147</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 97pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark176\">Weather map and wind strength </a><a href=\"#bookmark176\">150</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark177\">Chapitre 4 : Navigation, réglementation, sécurité des vols 151</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark178\">Partie 1 : Réglementation et sécurité </a><a href=\"#bookmark178\">153</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l49\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark179\">Organismes chargés de la Réglementation </a><a href=\"#bookmark179\">153</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark180\">Licences et Brevets </a><a href=\"#bookmark180\">154</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark181\">Certification, équipement et entretien des aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark181\">156</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l50\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark182\">Certification et immatriculation </a><a href=\"#bookmark182\">156</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark183\">Signalisation des aéronefs </a><a href=\"#bookmark183\">158</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark184\">Autres équipements et sécurités </a><a href=\"#bookmark184\">159</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark185\">Facteurs humains et accidents </a><a href=\"#bookmark185\">160</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l51\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark186\">Les règles de bon sens de la réglementation aérienne </a><a href=\"#bookmark186\">160</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark187\">Les effets de l’altitude </a><a href=\"#bookmark187\">161</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark188\">Les effets des accélérations </a><a href=\"#bookmark188\">162</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark189\">Partie 2 : Circulation aérienne </a><a href=\"#bookmark189\">163</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l52\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark190\">Les zones aéronautiques </a><a href=\"#bookmark190\">163</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l53\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark191\">VFR (Visual Flight Rules) ou « Vol à vue » </a><a href=\"#bookmark191\">163</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark192\">Rappel sur les niveaux de vol </a><a href=\"#bookmark192\">164</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark193\">Les espaces contrôlés </a><a href=\"#bookmark193\">165</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark194\">Les services de la circulation aérienne </a><a href=\"#bookmark194\">168</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark195\">Les Moyens de contrôle de la circulation aérienne </a><a href=\"#bookmark195\">169</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark196\">L’Aérodrome </a><a href=\"#bookmark196\">171</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l54\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark197\">Aérodrome contrôlé / non contrôlé </a><a href=\"#bookmark197\">171</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark198\">Les installations </a><a href=\"#bookmark198\">171</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark199\">Règles de vol </a><a href=\"#bookmark199\">173</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l55\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark200\">Règles de priorité </a><a href=\"#bookmark200\">173</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark201\">Le Circuit d’aérodrome </a><a href=\"#bookmark201\">174</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark202\">Communication en cas de panne radio </a><a href=\"#bookmark202\">174</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark203\">Hauteurs de survol </a><a href=\"#bookmark203\">175</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark204\">Partie 3 : Principes et outils de la Navigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark204\">177</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l56\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark205\">La mesure du temps </a><a href=\"#bookmark205\">177</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l57\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark206\">Le Mouvement de la Terre autour du Soleil </a><a href=\"#bookmark206\">177</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark207\">Se repérer sur la Terre </a><a href=\"#bookmark207\">178</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l58\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark208\">Les parallèles </a><a href=\"#bookmark208\">179</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark209\">Les méridiens </a><a href=\"#bookmark209\">180</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark210\">Les Cartes </a><a href=\"#bookmark210\">180</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark211\">Déclinaison et dérive </a><a href=\"#bookmark211\">185</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l59\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark212\">La déclinaison </a><a href=\"#bookmark212\">185</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark213\">Cap, route et dérive </a><a href=\"#bookmark213\">186</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark214\">Méthodes de navigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark214\">187</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l60\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark215\">Le cheminement à vue </a><a href=\"#bookmark215\">187</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark216\">L’estime </a><a href=\"#bookmark216\">188</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark217\">La radionavigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark217\">188</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark218\">Partie 4 : Préparer son vol </a><a href=\"#bookmark218\">192</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l61\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark219\">Préparation de la navigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark219\">192</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l62\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark220\">La Carte VAC </a><a href=\"#bookmark220\">192</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark221\">Mesure de distance </a><a href=\"#bookmark221\">193</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark222\">Estimation des vitesses sol </a><a href=\"#bookmark222\">195</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark223\">Log de Navigation </a><a href=\"#bookmark223\">197</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark224\">Calcul du carburant </a><a href=\"#bookmark224\">198</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 119pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark225\">Avant le départ </a><a href=\"#bookmark225\">198</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l63\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark226\">Les NOTAM (Notice To AirMen) </a><a href=\"#bookmark226\">198</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark227\">Les cartes météo </a><a href=\"#bookmark227\">198</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 120pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark228\">Le Plan de vol </a><a href=\"#bookmark228\">200</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -13pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark229\">Les documents à emporter </a><a href=\"#bookmark229\">200</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark230\">English vocabulary </a><a href=\"#bookmark230\">202</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 75pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark231\">Chapitre 5 : Histoire et culture de l’aéronautique et du spatial</a><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark231\"> </a><a class=\"s13\" href=\"#bookmark231\">206</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark232\">Partie 1 : Les débuts </a><a href=\"#bookmark232\">208</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l64\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark233\">Du mythe à la réalité </a><a href=\"#bookmark233\">208</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark234\">Les aérostats </a><a href=\"#bookmark234\">210</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l65\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark235\">Les ballons </a><a href=\"#bookmark235\">210</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark236\">Les ballons dirigeables </a><a href=\"#bookmark236\">211</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark237\">Les pionniers de l’aviation (1890-1907) </a><a href=\"#bookmark237\">213</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark238\">Les premiers records (1908-1913) </a><a href=\"#bookmark238\">217</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark239\">Partie 2 : D’une guerre à l’autre </a><a href=\"#bookmark239\">221</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l66\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark240\">La Première Guerre Mondiale (1914-1918) </a><a href=\"#bookmark240\">221</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l67\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark241\">Les missions aériennes </a><a href=\"#bookmark241\">222</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark242\">Les principaux évènements </a><a href=\"#bookmark242\">223</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark243\">Les As de la Première Guerre Mondiale </a><a href=\"#bookmark243\">225</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark244\">Le bilan </a><a href=\"#bookmark244\">226</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark245\">L’Entre-Deux-Guerres (1919-1939) </a><a href=\"#bookmark245\">227</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l68\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark246\">Les grands Raids </a><a href=\"#bookmark246\">227</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark247\">L’Aéropostale </a><a href=\"#bookmark247\">232</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark248\">Les débuts de l’aviation commerciale </a><a href=\"#bookmark248\">235</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark249\">La Deuxième Guerre Mondiale (1939-1945) </a><a href=\"#bookmark249\">237</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l69\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark250\">L’avant-guerre </a><a href=\"#bookmark250\">237</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark251\">Les principaux évènements </a><a href=\"#bookmark251\">239</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark252\">Les As </a><a href=\"#bookmark252\">242</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 25pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark253\">Le bilan </a><a href=\"#bookmark253\">243</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark254\">Partie 3 : De 1945 à nos jours </a><a href=\"#bookmark254\">246</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l70\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark255\">Le « mur » du son </a><a href=\"#bookmark255\">246</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark256\">L’aviation militaire </a><a href=\"#bookmark256\">247</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark257\">L’aviation commerciale </a><a href=\"#bookmark257\">249</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark258\">Les hélicoptères et les avions expérimentaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark258\">253</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l71\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark259\">Les hélicoptères </a><a href=\"#bookmark259\">253</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark260\">Les avions expérimentaux </a><a href=\"#bookmark260\">253</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark261\">Partie 4 : La conquête de l’espace </a><a href=\"#bookmark261\">256</a></p>\n<ol id=\"l72\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 109pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark262\">Les précurseurs </a><a href=\"#bookmark262\">256</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -15pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark263\">De Spoutnik à Apollo (1957-1972) </a><a href=\"#bookmark263\">257</a></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 116pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark264\">De Skylab à l’ISS (1973- aujourd’hui) </a><a href=\"#bookmark264\">259</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"a\" href=\"#bookmark265\">Pour s’entrainer </a><a href=\"#bookmark265\">262</a></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s3\" style=\"padding-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark0\"></a>‌Chapitre 1 :</p>\n<p class=\"s3\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">ETUDE DES AERONEFS ET DES ENGINS SPATIAUX</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_005.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"588\" height=\"391\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Ce chapitre est divisé en 4 parties :</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 1 : Les Familles d’aéronefs</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 2 : Les Cellules</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 3 : Les GMP</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 4 : Les Instruments de bord</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Complément : English vocabulary</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s15\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Contenu du Chapitre :</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 1 : La Classification des Aéronefs</h3>\n<ol id=\"l73\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Les familles d’aéronefs</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Composition d’un avion</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 122pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\">Les véhicules aérospatiaux</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 18pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 2 : Les Cellules</h3>\n<ol id=\"l74\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 112pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">La structure d’une cellule</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">La voilure</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">IV. Empennages et gouvernes</p>\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">IV. Le train d\'atterrissage</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 3 : Les groupes motopropulseurs (GMP)</h3>\n<ol id=\"l75\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 112pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">L\'hélice</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">Les moteurs à pistons</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -20pt; text-align: left;\">Les turboréacteurs</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -20pt; text-align: left;\">Les autres turbomachines</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 4 : Les Instruments de bord</h3>\n<ol id=\"l76\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 112pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">Les instruments barométriques</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">Les instruments gyroscopiques</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -20pt; text-align: left;\">Les autres instruments</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Complément : English vocabulary</h3>\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark1\"></a>‌Partie 1 : La Classification des aéronefs</h1>\n<ol id=\"l77\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 18pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark2\"></a>‌Les familles d’aéronefs</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">On classe les aéronefs (tout ce qui circule dans l’espace aérien) en deux grandes catégories :</p>\n<ul id=\"l78\">\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: left;\">les Aérostats <span class=\"p\">(« plus léger que l’air »)</span></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">les Aérodynes <span class=\"p\">(« plus lourd que l’air »)</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l79\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark3\"></a>‌Les Aérostats</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_006.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"608\" height=\"568\"></p>\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 17pt; padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ballons</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 125pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Ballon Captif</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Le Ballon à air chaud</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 76pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">2. <u>Les Dirigeables</u></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 348pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">A structure Souple ou Rigide</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Ballon à gaz (Hélium)</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark4\"></a>‌Les Aérodynes</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l80\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\n<p class=\"s20\" style=\"padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les Non Motorisés</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_007.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"662\" height=\"536\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Modèle Réduit</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 376pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Cerf-Volant</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Parachute</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Deltaplane</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_008.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"671\" height=\"256\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Deltaplane</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Parapente</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Planeur / Planeur Ultra Léger (PUL) <span class=\"s21\">Le Parachute</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\n<p class=\"s20\" style=\"padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: right;\">Les Motorisés</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_009.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"382\" height=\"222\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 85pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Modèle Réduit</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l81\">\n<li data-list-text=\"a.\">\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: right;\">A voilure fixe</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_010.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"762\" height=\"302\"></p>\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La Classe 1 : Paramoteur</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La Classe 2 : Pendulaire</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La Classe 3 : Multi-axes</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s23\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Les Ultra légers motorisés (ULM) – 6 CLASSES</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_011.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"750\" height=\"179\"></p>\n<p class=\"s24\" style=\"padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">A cela se rajoute :</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 56pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La Classe 4 : Autogire</p>\n<p class=\"s25\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 61pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(voir page suivantes)</p>\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">La Classe 5 : Aérostat</p>\n<p class=\"s25\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 82pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: center;\">(voir pages précédentes)</p>\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 78pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: center;\">La Classe 6 : Hélicoptère ULM</p>\n<p class=\"s25\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">(voir pages suivantes)</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La masse maximale d’un ULM est de 300 kg (monoplace) ou 450 kg (biplace). La puissance est limitée à 45 kW (monoplace) ou 60 kW (biplace).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_012.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’Autogyre</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_013.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"783\" height=\"277\"></p>\n<p class=\"s23\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Avions</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’Avion à Hélice</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’Avion à Réaction</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_014.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"351\" height=\"254\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’Hélicoptère</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"b.\">\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 148pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">A voilure tournante (giravions)<span class=\"s26\">:</span></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p class=\"s27\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 52pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_015.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"265\" height=\"176\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_016.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"293\" height=\"198\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Convertible ou Hybride</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Girodyne</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark5\"></a>‌La Composition générale des aéronefs</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 43pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_017.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"663\" height=\"750\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figures 2.1. et 2.2.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark6\"></a>‌Les véhicules aérospatiaux ou spatiaux</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_018.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"245\" height=\"390\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;\">Les véhicules aérospatiaux sont les lanceurs, fusées et vaisseaux habités. Les véhicules spatiaux sont les satellites et les sondes.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l82\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark7\"></a>‌Les lanceurs</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.3.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_019.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"592\" height=\"362\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.4.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark8\"></a>‌Les satellites</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_020.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"566\" height=\"363\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.5.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_021.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"539\" height=\"48\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">L’exploration spatiale est extrêmement bénéfique pour la science et l’humanité ; toutefois, <strong>elle génère des quantités très importantes de débris </strong>qui orbitent ensuite autour de notre planète et entrent en collision entre eux, ce qui génère encore d’avantage de débris.</p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 513pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Figure 2.6.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_022.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"357\" height=\"214\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">L’ESA (European Space Agency) a répertorié environ <strong>26 000 objets dans l’espace, dont seulement 7% sont en activité</strong>. De plus, les plus petits débris de moins de 5 cm – qui ne peuvent être observés depuis la Terre du fait de leur petite taille – sont estimés à <strong>500 000</strong>. Pourtant, ces si petits débris peuvent causer <strong>d’importants dégâts </strong>sur les satellites et stations spatiales en fonctionnement. En guise d’exemple, on retiendra que <strong>l’ISS, la station spatiale internationale, a dû</strong></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">altérer sa trajectoire à trois reprises en 2020 afin d’éviter des collisions <span class=\"p\">: ce sont des manœuvres complexes et coûteuses pour des satellites de cette taille.</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 49pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Mais alors, comment remédier à ces enjeux ? Compte tenu du fait que des centaines de satellites sont envoyés chaque année en orbite, des projets visant à nettoyer l’espace commencent à voir le jour. C’est le cas de <strong>la mission ClearSpace-1</strong>, dont le lancement est prévu en 2025 par l’ESA et ClearSpace. L’engin aura pour mission de récupérer à l’aide de ses bras tentaculaires un débris de <strong>112 kg </strong>– provenant du lancement d’une fusée en 2013 – et de le guider <strong>pour qu’ils se fassent tous deux désintégrer en entrant dans l’atmosphère</strong>.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 199pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_023.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"482\" height=\"5\"></p>\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark9\"></a>‌Partie 2 : Les Cellules</h1>\n<ol id=\"l83\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 18pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark10\"></a>‌La Structure d’une cellule</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l84\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark11\"></a>‌Les Forces et les contraintes s’exerçant sur un avion</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les principales forces agissant sur un aéronef sont :</p>\n<ul id=\"l85\">\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">le poids de l’appareil</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">la portance et la traînée sur les ailes</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">les efforts aérodynamiques sur les gouvernes</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">la poussée ou la traction des moteurs</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 164%; text-align: left;\">Ces forces provoquent des contraintes dans les différentes parties d’un système. On distingue principalement les contraintes suivantes :</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 101pt; line-height: 89%; text-align: left;\"><strong>Exemples </strong>: les câbles, les bielles des commandes de vol, les éléments de <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_024.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"126\" height=\"39\"> structure, le revêtement de l\'aile, les boulons, les pales de l\'hélice, les</p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 165pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;\">tubes et les fixations du bâti moteur…</p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 55pt; text-indent: 105pt; line-height: 86%; text-align: left;\"><strong>Exemples </strong>: les bielles du moteur, les commandes de vol, les éléments de <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_025.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"128\" height=\"39\"> structure du fuselage et de l\'aile, les tubes du bâti moteur…</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_026.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"130\" height=\"65\"></p>\n<p class=\"s12\" style=\"padding-left: 168pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Exemples <span class=\"s28\">: le revêtement du fuselage, les fixations, les charnières, les boulons, les éléments encastrés comme les nervures ou les pales de l\'hélice près du moyeu.</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_027.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"107\" height=\"84\"></p>\n<p class=\"s12\" style=\"padding-left: 170pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Exemples <span class=\"s28\">: les longerons, les nervures, les jambes de train</span></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 170pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">d\'atterrissage, les guignols, le pied de manche, les pales d\'hélice…</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_028.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"116\" height=\"80\"></p>\n<p class=\"s12\" style=\"padding-left: 169pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Exemples <span class=\"s28\">: les axes de palonniers, le train d\'atterrissage à lame lors du freinage et les éléments de structure comme le fuselage, les ailes, les ailerons, l\'empennage…</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.7.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark12\"></a>‌Les matériaux</p>\n<ol id=\"l86\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Bois</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Principalement utilisé dans les débuts de l’aviation, le bois reste encore utilisé dans l’aviation « légère ».</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les variétés de bois sont choisies en fonction de leurs caractéristiques :</p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Pièces maîtresses</u> <span class=\"p\">: On utilise du bois dur provenant principalement de :</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_029.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"102\" height=\"140\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 146pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spruce <span class=\"p\">(Canada / Norvège)</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 146pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Léger (densité de 0,45)</p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 146pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tronc très droit et sans nœud <span class=\"s30\">Souple et bonne tenue à la compression</span></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Epicéa <span class=\"p\">(Europe)</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_030.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"93\" height=\"139\"></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tronc long avec peu de nœuds</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Pièces secondaires</u> <span class=\"p\">: On utilise du bois tendre et léger provenant principalement de :</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_031.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"115\" height=\"152\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Sapin <span class=\"p\">(Amérique du nord / Europe / Asie)</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Densité de 0,50</p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Facile à raboter et à coller</p>\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pin d’Orégon <span class=\"s31\">ou </span>Douglas</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_032.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"99\" height=\"149\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(Canada / USA)</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Excellentes qualités mécaniques</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u><strong>Patins et fixation de trains </strong></u>: On utilise du bois provenant principalement de :</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_033.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"104\" height=\"151\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_034.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"118\" height=\"141\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Frêne <span class=\"p\">(Europe)</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Plus lourd (0,69)</p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 159pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Bonne élasticité et possibilité de réaliser des formes courbes.</p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Hêtre <span class=\"p\">(Amérique du nord / Europe / Asie)</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Bois dur aux bonnes caractéristiques mécaniques. Ne se fissure pas.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Toiles</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_035.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"287\" height=\"191\"></p>\n<ul id=\"l87\">\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Dans les débuts : Lin et cotons</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Aujourd’hui : Dacron</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 89pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_036.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"262\" height=\"162\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 118%; text-align: left;\">Si le bois et la toile permettent de construire des avions qui peuvent atteindre des vitesses de 300 km/h, l’utilisation du métal va rendre les avions plus solides et plus rapides.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"3)\">\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Métaux</p>\n<p class=\"s32\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 117%; text-align: justify;\">Le matériau utilisé à la base est un alliage d’aluminium et de cuivre appelé <strong>duralumin</strong>. D’autres alliages comme le <strong>Zicral</strong>, le <strong>Duralinox</strong>, des alliages de <span class=\"s4\">Magnésium</span><span class=\"p\">, de </span><span class=\"s4\">Titane</span><span class=\"p\">, … vont rapidement entrer dans la fabrication des avions.</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 172pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_037.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"352\" height=\"179\"></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 132pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le premier avion en métal est un avion allemand, le <u>Junkers J9</u> en 1918.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"4)\">\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Composites</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Apparus dans les années 60, les matériaux composites (fibres de verre, aramides, de carbone, de bore,…) sont de plus en plus utilisés sur les avions pour leur faible masse volumique, leur capacité à réaliser des pièces de formes les plus diverses et leurs excellentes caractéristiques mécaniques.</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark13\"></a>‌La structure du fuselage</p>\n<ol id=\"l88\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Treillis</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Il s’agit de « longerons » assemblés entre eux par des « traverses » pour donner la forme souhaitée.</p>\n<p class=\"s32\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Elles peuvent être collées si elles sont en bois ou alors soudées pour les parties métalliques.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_038.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"389\" height=\"220\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Le revêtement est souple (toile ou tôle mince). Cette structure est légère mais encombrante.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-left: 390pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le Vickers Wellington</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Caisson semi-monocoque</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Il s’agit de « cadres » (ou couples) assemblés entre eux par des « lisses » pour donner la forme souhaitée.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les cadres absorbent les efforts de torsion, les lisses ceux de flexion.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 157pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_039.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"450\" height=\"259\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.9. Structure Bois</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 125pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_040.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"376\" height=\"299\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.10. Structure Métal</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"3)\">\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Caisson monocoque</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Le revêtement (fibre de verre ou de carbone) est directement vissé ou riveté sur les cadres et donc participe à la transmission et l’absorption des efforts. Utilisé pour les planeurs et ULM.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 215pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_041.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.11.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark14\"></a>‌Structure de la voilure</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_042.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"263\" height=\"135\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l89\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Treillis (pour les nervures)</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Plutôt utilisés pour les avions en bois et toiles</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s29\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Caisson</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_043.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"533\" height=\"368\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Les longerons reprennent les efforts de flexion et les nervures les efforts de torsion. Le carburant contribue à la rigidité de l’aile.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figures 2.12 et 2.13.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark15\"></a>‌La voilure</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’ensemble de la voilure est constitué de deux ailes qui sont ancrées sur le fuselage.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Celles-ci sont conçues pour résister aux efforts que peuvent générer les différentes forces appliquées à l’aéronef, aussi bien en vol qu’au sol.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_044.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"742\" height=\"466\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">En fonction de leurs ancrages sur le fuselage, les ailes peuvent être :</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Hautes »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Médianes »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Basses »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l90\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 94pt; text-indent: -19pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark16\"></a>‌Emplanture</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_045.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"614\" height=\"254\"></p>\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Trapézoïdales</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Droites »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 90pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark17\"></a>‌Géométrie</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_046.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"646\" height=\"228\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Delta »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « En Flèche »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_047.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"694\" height=\"270\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Elliptiques »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les Ailes « Biplan »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_048.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"302\" height=\"89\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 65pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Celle-ci permettra à l’avion d’être plus ou moins stable ou plus ou moins maniable</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 361pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_049.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"151\" height=\"88\"></p>\n<p class=\"s35\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Maniabilité - <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_050.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"420\" height=\"8\"><span class=\"s14\"> Maniabilité +</span></p>\n<p class=\"s14\" style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Stabilité + <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_051.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"420\" height=\"8\"><span class=\"s36\"> Stabilité -</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.14.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark18\"></a>‌Caractéristiques</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 178pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_052.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"337\" height=\"340\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.15.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ul id=\"l91\">\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’Emplanture : <span class=\"p\">Partie qui assure la jonction avec le fuselage</span></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le Karman : <span class=\"p\">Partie améliorant l’écoulement de l’air à l’emplanture</span></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le Saumon <span class=\"p\">: Partie se trouvant en bout d’aile</span></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’Extrados <span class=\"p\">: Partie supérieure de l’aile</span></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’Intrados <span class=\"p\">: Partie inférieure de l’aile</span></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le Bord d’Attaque <span class=\"p\">: Partie avant de l’aile</span></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le Bord de Fuite <span class=\"p\">: Partie arrière de l’aile</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_053.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"314\" height=\"176\"></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark19\"></a>‌Le Dièdre</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Positif</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_054.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"315\" height=\"195\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 403pt; text-indent: -43pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Le saumon est plus haut que l’emplanture</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 182pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Négatif</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 85pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le saumon est plus bas que l’emplanture</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark20\"></a>‌Empennages et gouvernes</p>\n<ol id=\"l92\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark21\"></a>‌L’empennage</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 111%; text-align: left;\">Sa fonction principale est de supporter deux des trois ensembles de gouvernes de l’avion.</p>\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 111pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Empennage Vertical</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Il se trouve à l’arrière du fuselage et se compose d’un plan fixe (dérive) et de la gouverne de direction (mobile).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 111pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Empennage Horizontal</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Il se trouve aussi à l’arrière du fuselage et est généralement posé sur l’empennage vertical.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 27pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_055.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"288\" height=\"223\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.16.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s7\" style=\"padding-left: 111pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Les principaux types d’empennages :</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_056.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"304\" height=\"446\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Em</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 414pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le plus répandu :</p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 424pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage</p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 424pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Classique »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 424pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage</p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 419pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« Cruciforme »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_057.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"316\" height=\"459\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 165%; text-align: left;\">On trouve des empennages horizontaux à l’avant de l’avion On parle alors de configuration <strong>« canard »</strong></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage « en T »</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 47pt; text-indent: -30pt; line-height: 164%; text-align: left;\">Empennages en V (Papillon)</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 169pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_058.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"346\" height=\"230\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark22\"></a>‌La gouverne de profondeur</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_059.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"204\" height=\"213\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Une gouverne est une surface mobile située sur des éléments de structure (voilure, empennage), qui permet de créer les forces nécessaires pour modifier l’attitude de l’avion.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Située sur l’empennage horizontal, elle permet de contrôler la montée ou la descente de l’avion.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">C’est <strong>le tangage </strong>(modification de l’assiette).</p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 491pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.17.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark23\"></a>‌Les ailerons</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Situés à l’extrémité de chaque aile, ils permettent de contrôler la mise en virage modifiant légèrement la géométrie des ailes de l’avion.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">C’est <strong>le roulis </strong>(gauchissement de l’aile).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_060.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"221\" height=\"222\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark24\"></a>‌La gouverne de direction</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_061.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"203\" height=\"226\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 80pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.18.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 118%; text-align: justify;\">Située sur l’empennage vertical, elle permet le contrôle du virage en agissant sur la gouverne de direction grâce aux palonniers.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">C’est <strong>le lacet </strong>(Manœuvre des palonniers)</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.19.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 71pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: center;\">Au sol, les palonniers permettent au pilote de guider l’appareil. Comme nous l’avons vu précédemment, le haut des palonniers d’actionner les freins lors du roulage sur la piste.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_062.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"293\" height=\"204\"></p>\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 65pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Récapitulatif<u> :</u></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.20.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">La transmission des manœuvres des pilotes aux commandes se fait soit de façon mécanique (câbles, poulies, …) soit de façon électrique (Airbus, Rafale,…).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Les <strong>compensateurs </strong>permettent de réduire les efforts pour le pilote. On distingue le compensateur de régime (Trim) et le compensateur d’évolution (Tab).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 196pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_063.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"295\" height=\"119\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.21.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_064.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"234\" height=\"167\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark25\"></a>‌Le train d’atterrissage :</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Il permet à l’avion de quitter et de retrouver le sol « en douceur ». Il est « fixe » ou « rentrant ». Celui- ci peut être constitué de roues, de flotteurs, de skis ou de patins.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Il se compose:</p>\n<ul id=\"l93\">\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">d’un train principal : sous les ailes pour les avions légers et sous le fuselage pour un gros porteur</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">d’un train auxiliaire qui peut être :</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 135pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_065.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"23\" height=\"20\">Une roulette de nez (<strong>train tricycle</strong>)</p>\n<p class=\"s37\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 135pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_066.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"17\" height=\"16\"> <span class=\"s38\">Une roulette de queue (</span><span class=\"s4\">train classique</span><span class=\"p\">)</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 179pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_067.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"312\" height=\"219\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.22.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Dans les deux cas, la roulette est commandée par les palonniers et permet de diriger l’avion au sol.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Certains avions n’ont qu’un train principal situé sous le fuselage (<strong>train monotrace</strong>). L’équilibre latéral peut être assuré par des balancines en bout d’ailes.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s37\" style=\"padding-left: 71pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_068.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"271\" height=\"179\"> <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_069.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"274\" height=\"179\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 21pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">En fonction de la charge que l’avion doit supporter on utilisera :</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_070.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"263\" height=\"351\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_071.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"179\" height=\"269\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 202pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Une Roue Simple</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_072.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"285\" height=\"190\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Un Diabolo</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 165pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Un Boggie</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Le train possède, en général, des dispositifs amortisseurs pour absorber l’impact à l’atterrissage.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Les freins sont disposés sur le train principal et se commandent le plus souvent avec les palonniers (haut du palonnier).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s37\" style=\"padding-left: 41pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_073.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"215\" height=\"242\"> <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_074.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"219\" height=\"140\"> <img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_075.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"253\" height=\"210\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figures 2.23. 2.24. et 2.25.</p>\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 54pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark26\"></a>‌Partie 3 : Les Groupes Motopropulseurs (G.M.P.)</h1>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l94\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark27\"></a>‌L’Hélice</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">C’est un dispositif qui permet de<u> transformer l’énergie mécanique</u>, fournie par le moteur, <u>en force tractive ou propulsive</u> utilisé par l’avion pour se déplacer.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l95\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark28\"></a>‌La Composition</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’hélice se compose de :</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 44pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_076.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"239\" height=\"288\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.26.</p>\n<ul id=\"l96\">\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 20pt; text-indent: -7pt; text-align: left;\">D’un moyeu centré sur l’arbre de sortie du moteur</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 20pt; text-indent: -7pt; text-align: left;\">De deux ou plusieurs pales</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s40\" style=\"padding-left: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\"><span class=\"p\"> La distance parcourue par l’hélice le long de son axe de rotation en un tour est appelé </span><span class=\"s4\">Pas.</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\"><span class=\"s40\"></span> L’angle formé par la corde de profil de l’hélice et le plan dans lequel tourne la pale est appelé <strong>Calage </strong>(<strong>β</strong>).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 118%; text-align: left;\">Le Calage est un <u>Angle</u> Le Pas est une <u>Distance</u></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_077.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"307\" height=\"200\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le vent relatif <strong>Vr </strong>est issu :</p>\n<ul id=\"l97\">\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">du déplacement de l’avion (vitesse avion)</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">de la rotation de l’hélice (vitesse de rotation)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 455pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.27.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">La vitesse de rotation est limitée par la vitesse en bout de pale, qui ne doit pas être sonique (perte d’efficacité, bruit).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark29\"></a>‌Le Fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Le fonctionnement d’une hélice est le même que celui de l’aile d’un avion. Les forces aérodynamiques sur les pâles sont à l’origine de la traction et du couple résistant de l’hélice.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 209pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_078.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"277\" height=\"266\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.28.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">La présence de l’hélice génère également des effets secondaires sur les axes de tangage, roulis et lacet.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_079.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"544\" height=\"251\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.29.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark30\"></a>‌Les différents types d’hélices</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_080.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"304\" height=\"413\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Il en existe deux types :</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l98\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 68pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’hélice à calage fixe</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: -14pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Cette hélice est surtout équipée sur les aéronefs de tourisme. Elle est, en général, en bois multicouche avec un bord d’attaque renforcé par une lame en laiton ou en alliage d’aluminium (plus lourde).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: -14pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Ce type d’hélice à l’inconvénient de ne pas permettre d’adapter la vitesse en fonction des phases du vol.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 68pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">L’hélice à calage variable (ou pas variable)</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: -14pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Le pilote peut alors, grâce à un mécanisme, changer le calage des pales pour que la vitesse de rotation de l’hélice (donc du moteur) reste constante.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 50pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Petit pas <span class=\"p\">: décollage, atterrissage</span></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 50pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Grand pas <span class=\"p\">: croisière</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark31\"></a>‌Les moteurs à pistons</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 147pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.30.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l99\">\n<ol id=\"l100\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark32\"></a>‌La Composition</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 15pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’ensemble est composé de :</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_081.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"375\" height=\"259\"></p>\n<ul id=\"l101\">\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 97pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\"><strong>De plusieurs cylindres (4 à 8) </strong>très souvent munis <strong>d’ailettes </strong>pour le refroidissement (assuré par l’air) et dont la partie supérieure est fermée par <strong>une culasse </strong>et la base inférieure par <strong>un carter.</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Figure 2.31.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 97pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\"><strong>La culasse </strong>est dotée de dispositifs appelés <strong>soupapes </strong>qui permettent l’admission des gaz frais et l’échappement des gaz de combustion, et d’un dispositif créant l’inflammation du mélange carburant/air : <strong>les bougies</strong>.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_082.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"715\" height=\"396\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 286pt; text-indent: 1pt; line-height: 106%; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s41\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">Moteur d\'avion</span> <span class=\"s41\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">léger à 4</span> <span class=\"s41\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">cylindres</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s43\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\"> </span><span class=\"s44\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\"></span><span class=\"s45\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\"> </span><span class=\"s46\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">Avant</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 93pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s46\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\">Arrière </span><span class=\"s44\" style=\"background-color: #fafafa;\"></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l102\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\n<p class=\"s47\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">démarreur</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">magnétos</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">boîte de distribution</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"4.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">clapet de pression d\'huile</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"5.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">plaque d\'identification</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"6.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">bougies supérieures (cylindres droits)</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"7.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">fils des bougies supérieures</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"8.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bouchon et jauge à huile</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"9.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bâche à huile</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"10.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bouchon de vidange</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"11.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">filtre à huile</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"12.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 81pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">alternateur</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.32.</p>\n<ol id=\"l103\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">moyeu d\'hélice</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bougies supérieures (cylindres droits)</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"3.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">carter</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"4.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">anneau de levage</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"5.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">points supérieurs d\'attache au bâti</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"6.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">bougies supérieures (cylindres gauches)</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"7.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">cache culbuteurs</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"8.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">fils des bougies inférieures</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"9.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">échappement</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"10.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;\">carburateur</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"11.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">couvercle du point de montage de la pompe à vide</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"12.\">\n<p class=\"s42\" style=\"padding-left: 29pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">filtre à air</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 15pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark33\"></a>‌Le fonctionnement d’un moteur thermique</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l104\">\n<ol id=\"l105\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Moteur à deux temps</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 165pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_083.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"374\" height=\"271\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.33.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 86pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Moteur à quatre temps</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 48pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_084.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"654\" height=\"289\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.34.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark34\"></a>‌L’Alimentation en carburant</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 15pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Pour que l’essence parvienne des réservoirs jusqu’au dispositif de mélange, on utilise <strong>une pompe mécanique </strong>entraînée par le moteur, doublée <strong>d’une pompe électrique de secours </strong>que l’on mettra en fonction à la demande (par exemple au décollage).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark35\"></a>‌L’Elaboration du mélange air-essence</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Deux procédés sont utilisés :</p>\n<ul id=\"l106\">\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 111%; text-align: left;\">L’injection<span class=\"p\">, qui consiste à vaporiser de fines gouttelettes d’essence directement dans la chambre du cylindre.</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_085.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"427\" height=\"246\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 100pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">La carburation<span class=\"p\">, qui assure l’élaboration du mélange air-essence avant son entrée dans les cylindres (la masse volumique de l’air diminue avec l’altitude).</span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Figure 2.35.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">La commande qui permet de faire varier la pression du mélange air-essence entrant dans les cylindres est <strong>la manette des gaz </strong>(en noir). La manette rouge est la manette de richesse, qui permet d’ajuster la quantité</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">d’essence (mélange riche ou économique). La manette bleue est la commande du pas de l’hélice.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark36\"></a>‌L’Allumage</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 27pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">F</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_086.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"232\" height=\"155\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.36.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Il réside de la production d’une étincelle permettant de démarrer la combustion du mélange.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Il est réalisé par une bougie alimentée par une magnéto. Pour des raisons de sécurité le système est doublé (2 magnétos). Pour des raisons de rendement, on utilise 2 bougies par cylindre.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark37\"></a>‌Les turboréacteurs</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l107\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark38\"></a>‌Le principe de fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Lorsque l’on gonfle un ballon, la pression de l’air à l’intérieur du ballon est supérieure à la pression de l’air à l’extérieur.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_087.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"306\" height=\"196\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.37.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Si on libère l’embouchure du ballon, alors l’air à l’intérieur du ballon va être éjecté et, par réaction, créer une force de même direction mais de sens opposé à la vitesse d’éjection.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Un turboréacteur fonctionne sur le même principe : il comprime l’air et ensuite l’éjecte à grande vitesse de façon contrôlée.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_088.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"699\" height=\"193\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark39\"></a>‌Le Principe du Réacteur à simple flux</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.38. Réacteur monocorps</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 168pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_089.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"446\" height=\"209\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.39. Réacteur double corps</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark40\"></a>‌Le Turboréacteur à double flux</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">C’est le type de réacteur que l’on trouve sur la plupart des avions de ligne aujourd’hui.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_090.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"424\" height=\"280\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Dans ce réacteur, deux débits d’air le traversent et le flux secondaire ne traverse pas la chambre de combustion.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.40.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Le <strong>taux de dilution </strong>est le rapport des débits entre le flux froid et le flux chaud. Il vaut 11 sur les réacteurs les plus récents. Plus il est élevé, plus le réacteur est silencieux et économe en carburant. En revanche l’encombrement et la trainée sont plus importants.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 24pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_091.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"542\" height=\"50\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img title=\"ReactDoublefluxSouf\" src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_092.png\" alt=\"ReactDoublefluxSouf\" width=\"350\" height=\"236\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Au cours du temps, les turboréacteurs ont évolué pour devenir de plus en plus efficaces et silencieux, grâce à une augmentation progressive de leur taux de dilution. Dans les turboréacteurs les plus récents, le taux de dilution est très fort, et <strong>le flux froid génère environ 80% de la poussée.</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Figure 2.41.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-bottom: 2pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Cela est particulièrement intéressant quand on sait que le bruit des moteurs est majoritairement lié à la différence de vitesse entre l’air chaud éjecté et l’air ambiant. Ainsi, <strong>en réduisant la proportion d’air chaud éjecté, on obtient des moteurs moins bruyants</strong>. De la même façon, en <strong>réduisant la quantité d’air chaud pour une même poussée, on diminue la quantité de carburant nécessaire !</strong></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 182pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_093.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"490\" height=\"5\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark41\"></a>‌Les autres turbomachines</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l108\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark42\"></a>‌Le Turbopropulseur</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Dans le Turbopropulseur, comme dans un Turboréacteur, l’air est aspiré par l’avant puis il est comprimé dans le compresseur avant de traverser les chambres de combustion. Mais cette fois, la turbine de sortie prélève la majeure partie de l’énergie des gaz pour faire tourner une hélice et le compresseur.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_094.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"427\" height=\"262\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.42.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Ce type de propulsion est utilisé pour des avions dont la vitesse se situe entre 300 et 800 km/h. Elle offre l’avantage d’une consommation plus faible et de meilleures performances au décollage.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark43\"></a>‌Le Turbomoteur</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Utilisé sur <strong>hélicoptère</strong>, c’est un turbopropulseur dont le réducteur entraîne non plus l’hélice mais une boite de transmission commandant à la fois le rotor principal et le rotor anti couple.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 134pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_095.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"426\" height=\"304\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 67pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Figure 2.43.</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark44\"></a>‌Le Statoréacteur</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Un Statoréacteur est un système de propulsion qui utilise le cycle thermodynamique classique : compression/combustion/détente, et pour lequel la poussée est produite par éjection de gaz issu de la combustion d\'un carburant, généralement le kérosène (il n’y a pas de partie tournante).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 153pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_096.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"424\" height=\"224\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 22pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.44.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Ce type de propulsion est aujourd’hui surtout utilisé sur propulser des missiles. Il permet d’atteindre de très grandes vitesses (au-delà de Mach 3) mais ne peut fonctionner de manière autonome à basse vitesse.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Dans un <strong>pulsoréacteur, </strong>un volet à l’entrée d’air génère des cycles de combustion (utilisé sur les V1 pendant la seconde guerre mondiale).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 246pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_097.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"135\" height=\"37\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h1 style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark45\"></a>‌Partie 4 : Les Instruments de bord</h1>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 126pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_098.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"464\" height=\"354\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Chaque avion à un tableau de bord spécifique, pourtant on y retrouve certains instruments que l’on peut classer en trois grandes familles :</p>\n<ul id=\"l109\">\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Les instruments de <strong>conduite </strong>(altimètre, variomètre, anémomètre, horizon artificiel, conservateur de cap, indicateur de virage) dont la disposition est toujours la même. On appelle cette disposition le <strong>T Basique</strong>.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 167pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_099.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"333\" height=\"235\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.45.</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les instruments de <strong>contrôle </strong>(pressions, températures, charges, moteur)</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les instruments de <strong>navigation </strong>(Radio, GPS, VOR-ILS, ADF).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Nous détaillerons chacun de ces instruments par la suite.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 77pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">On retrouve sur tous les appareils une « norme » de couleur :</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le blanc pour les utilisations particulières</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le vert pour les utilisations normales</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le jaune pour les utilisations avec précautions</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"-\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Le rouge pour les utilisations interdites</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l110\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark46\"></a>‌Les instruments barométriques</p>\n<ol id=\"l111\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark47\"></a>‌L’Anémomètre (Airspeed Indicator) ou Badin</p>\n<ol id=\"l112\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">L’appareil indique la vitesse de l’avion par rapport à l’air. Il peut être gradué en nœud <strong>kt </strong>ou en <strong>km/h</strong>. (1kt = 1,852 km/h). Il possède un trait rouge ainsi que trois arcs colorés qui correspondent à des vitesses caractéristiques :</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_100.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"244\" height=\"230\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 258pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Arc blanc : <span class=\"p\">Zone d’utilisation des volets, allant de la vitesse de décrochage volets sortis à la vitesse maximale d’utilisation des volets (</span>VFE <span class=\"p\">: Velocity Flaps Extended).</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 258pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">Arc vert : <span class=\"p\">Vitesse normale d’utilisation sans volet, allant de la vitesse de décrochage en lisse à la vitesse à ne pas dépasser lors de mauvaises conditions atmosphériques</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 258pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;\">(<strong>VNO </strong>: Velocity Normal Operating).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.46.</p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 11pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 92%; text-align: left;\">Arc jaune : <span class=\"p\">Zone interdite lors de mauvaises conditions atmosphériques.</span></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 11pt; text-indent: -1pt; line-height: 89%; text-align: left;\">Trait rouge : <span class=\"p\">Vitesse à ne jamais dépasser (</span>VNE : <span class=\"p\">Velocity Never Exceed)</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_101.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"472\" height=\"232\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.47.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Il mesure la différence entre <u>la</u> <u>pression totale</u> Pt et <u>la pression statique</u> Ps et la convertit en vitesse.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 70pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’anémomètre donne une vitesse indiquée, qui diffère de la vitesse vraie selon l’adage</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">« plus haut, plus chaud : plus vite ».</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark48\"></a>‌L’Altimètre (Altimeter)</p>\n<ol id=\"l113\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 14pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_102.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"428\" height=\"196\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.48.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 11pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">L’altimètre indique<u> l’altitude en pieds ou en mètres</u> (<strong>1ft ≈ 0,3 m</strong>).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">C’est un instrument barométrique. Il indique l’altitude de l’avion par rapport à une référence choisie (cf ci-dessous)</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">La petite aiguille indique les milliers de ft, la grande aiguille indique les centaines de ft.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">La pression atmosphérique diminue lorsque l’altitude augmente. Pour des altitudes pas trop élevées, une variation de 1hPa correspond à une variation de 28 ft soit 8,5 m.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_103.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"416\" height=\"280\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.49.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Par simple mesure de la pression atmosphérique, on peut donc déduire l’altitude de l’avion.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"3)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Les différentes références altimétriques</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Le niveau de la mer</u> (calage QNH<u>)</u> : l’altimètre indique une <strong>altitude</strong>.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>La piste </u>(calage QFE<u>)</u> : l’altimètre indique une <strong>hauteur </strong>par rapport à l’aérodrome.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\"><u>La pression 1013,25 hPa (calage standard ou QNE)</u> : l’altimètre indique un <strong>niveau de vol </strong>(FL).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Attention <span class=\"p\">: lorsque la température est plus froide que l’atmosphère de référence, l’altitude est sur-estimée.</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 103pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark49\"></a>‌Le Variomètre (Vertical Speed Indicator)</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l114\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Le variomètre est aussi un instrument barométrique qui mesure une vitesse verticale de montée ou de descente.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Il est gradué en <strong>ft/min </strong>ou parfois en <strong>m/s </strong>(1m/s = 200 ft/min).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_104.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"472\" height=\"240\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.50.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 121pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 161pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_105.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"376\" height=\"264\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 16pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.51.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">L’appareil mesure la différence entre <u>la pression atmosphérique</u> et<u> la pression de l’air</u> à l’intérieur d’une capsule.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: justify;\">En vol horizontal (palier), les pressions sont équilibrées et l’aiguille indique zéro.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">L’avion monte, la pression atmosphérique diminue, mais comme la pression à l’intérieur de la capsule met un temps à s’équilibrer on peut mesurer cette différence de pression.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Le variomètre est utile au pilotage pour déterminer soit une vitesse ascensionnelle <strong>Vz </strong>supérieure à 0, soit un taux de descente <strong>Vz </strong>inférieure à 0, il est possible de l\'utiliser également pour contrôler le vol en palier, même si cela est très difficile du fait du temps de réponse important.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark50\"></a>‌Les instruments gyroscopiques</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l115\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark51\"></a>‌L’indicateur de virage (Turn and Slip Indicator)</p>\n<ol id=\"l116\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_106.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"538\" height=\"214\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Il est souvent associé à la bille et indique le sens si le virage est un virage taux 1 (360° en 2 minutes). Ceci est valable uniquement si la bille est maintenue au centre (symétrie du vol maintenue).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 90pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.52.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 216pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 4pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_107.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"51\" height=\"5\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 163%; text-align: left;\">L’indicateur de virage indique <u>le sens</u> et <u>le taux</u> du virage. Associé à un gyroscope, comme une toupie, il reste stable un certain temps dans l’espace.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_108.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"569\" height=\"304\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">seconde)</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.53.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Exemple : Pour un virage effectué au taux 1, l’avion tourne de 180° en 1 min (3° par</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark52\"></a>‌La Bille</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l117\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Elle ne fait partie ni des instruments barométriques, ni des instruments gyroscopiques mais se trouve associée à l’indicateur de virage.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 7pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_109.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"211\" height=\"211\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.54.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Par effet inertiel, elle renseigne le pilote sur la symétrie du vol. Pouvant être associée à un brin de laine sur la verrière, un pendule dans l’habitacle, elle permet de voir si l’axe de l’avion est parallèle au vent relatif.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">De par sa masse, la bille est constamment soumise aux forces résultantes des accélérations subies par l\'avion dans le plan transversal. Le tube, étant lié à l\'avion, la bille, agissant comme un pendule, indiquera la direction de la verticale apparente, qui se situe dans le plan de symétrie de l’avion en l’absence de force aérodynamique latérale).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 136pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_110.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"384\" height=\"244\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 10pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.55.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">On dit que « le pied chasse la bille », c’est-à-dire qu’il faut pousser le palonnier côté bille pour annuler le dérapage.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: right;\"><a name=\"bookmark53\"></a>‌L’horizon artificiel (Artificial Horizon ou Attitude Indicator)</p>\n<ol id=\"l118\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: left;\">Il permet de restituer au pilote la position de « l’horizon naturel » lorsque celui-ci n’est pas visible : vol de nuit, trop de nuage, altitude importante...</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Le pilote voit alors l’assiette et l’inclinaison de l’avion.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_111.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"246\" height=\"246\"></p>\n<p class=\"s8\" style=\"padding-left: 91pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Il est constitué d’une :</p>\n<ul id=\"l119\">\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: right;\">Maquette centrale qui représente un avion</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 269pt; text-indent: -17pt; line-height: 15pt; text-align: left;\">Sphère intérieur sur laquelle figure la ligne</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 269pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 90%; text-align: left;\">d’horizon en blanc, le ciel en bleu et la terre en marron.</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 269pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Couronne des valeurs d’inclinaison (10°, 20°, 30°</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 269pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">…)</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.56.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_112.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"382\" height=\"332\"></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Lors d’un mouvement de l’avion, c’est l’ensemble avion-maquette qui se déplace autour de la sphère et de la couronne, ces dernières étant rendues fixes dans l’espace, par la toupie d’un gyroscope dont l’axe de rotation est maintenu à la verticale.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 132pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.57.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"D.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 106pt; text-indent: -28pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark54\"></a>‌Le conservateur de cap ou directionnel (Heading Indicator ou Directional Gyro Indicator DGI)</p>\n<ol id=\"l120\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-top: 16pt; padding-left: 124pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Il donne aussi le cap magnétique mais permet d’éviter les erreurs du compas</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_113.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"256\" height=\"261\"></p>\n<p class=\"s48\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.58.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(Masses métalliques proches, virages, atmosphère turbulent, accélérations, …)</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 124pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">C’est un instrument gyroscopique à 2 ddl qui permet de conserver une direction fixe dans l’espace et donc de s’orienter. Il est stable et précis sur un temps « court ».</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_114.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"371\" height=\"296\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 328pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Cependant, au bout d’un certain temps, le gyroscope du directionnel peut perdre sa référence d’orientation, du fait de la rotation de la Terre et du déplacement de l’avion.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 328pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Cela oblige donc à se recaler sur la référence du compas, tous les quarts d’heure à l’aide de la molette.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_115.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"285\" height=\"1\"></p>\n<p class=\"s32\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 328pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Cette opération se fait en ligne droite et <u>à vitesse constante.</u></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 130pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.59.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"E.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark55\"></a>‌Le compas (Magnetic Compass) (Instrument non gyroscopique)</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l121\">\n<li data-list-text=\"1)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Présentation</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: left;\">Il s’agit d’une boussole qui permet de mesurer l’orientation de l’avion par rapport au Nord magnétique (cap magnétique).</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_116.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"224\" height=\"224\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 222pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Une graduation de 0 à 360 degrés tourne devant une ligne de foi figurant l\'axe de l\'avion, ce qui permet au pilote de savoir le cap magnétique suivi.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 222pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">Il indique en permanence la direction du Nord magnétique, quelle que soit la route suivie par l\'avion.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 222pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.60.</p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 222pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><u>Remarques</u> :</p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 162pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">- L’angle séparant l’axe passant par le nord magnétique et celui passant par le nord géographique s’appelle la <strong>déclinaison</strong>.</p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 59pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">- Celui que fait l’aiguille du compas par rapport à l’horizontale s’appelle <strong>l’inclinaison. </strong>(En France, aux alentours de 50° N de latitude, l’inclinaison est d’environ 65°).</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"2)\">\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Principe de fonctionnement</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_117.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"177\" height=\"174\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.61.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_118.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"270\" height=\"238\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 233pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Il se compose d’un plateau circulaire gradué en degré, associé à un aimant orienté sur l’axe Nord-sud.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 233pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 109%; text-align: justify;\">L’ensemble est posé sur un pivot et baigne dans un liquide amortisseur qui limite les oscillations.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 233pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify;\">Certaines directions particulières sont repérées par des lettres : N (nord) 360°, E (est) 90°, S (sud) 180°, W (ouest) 270°.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 233pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 108%; text-align: justify;\">Le compas est très sensible aux accélérations de l’avion (virage, turbulence, …) mais ne dérive pas dans le temps.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_119.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"136\" height=\"37\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.62.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark56\"></a>‌Les autres instruments</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l122\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 87pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark57\"></a>‌Les instruments de radionavigation</p>\n<p class=\"s28\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 16pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Voir le chapitre 4, partie 3</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_120.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"426\" height=\"330\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.63.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"B.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 87pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark58\"></a>‌Les instruments de contrôle</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"C.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-top: 16pt; padding-left: 87pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark59\"></a>‌Les EFIS (Electronic Flight Information Systems)</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 95pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_121.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"548\" height=\"265\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.64.</p>\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 24pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark60\"></a>‌Complément : English vocabulary</h1>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_122.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"764\" height=\"544\"></p>\n<p class=\"s19\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aircraft types</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l123\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 18pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark61\"></a>‌Aircraft types</p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.65.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 69.074pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 446pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 110pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commercial Aircraft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Avion d’affaires</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Corporate/executive/business</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">aircraft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Avion de ligne</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Liner aircraft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Avion régional</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commuter aircraft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Court/moyen/long</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">courrier</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Short/medium/long haul aircraft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Mono/bi-couloir</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Single/twin aisle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 46pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 136pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Avion militaire</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 310pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 110%; text-align: left;\">Military aircraft (surveillance, recognition, bombing, combat, transportation)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 127.51pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aérostat</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aerostat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Autogire</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Autogyro</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Convertible</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tilt rotor aircraft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Delta-plane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Hang-glider</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dirigeable</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Airship, dirigible (us)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Girodyne</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Girodyno</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Hydravion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Seaplane, flying boat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Multiaxe</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">3-axes microlights</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Paramoteur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Paramotor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Parapente</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Paraglider</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pendulaire</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pendular</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rotor principal / de queue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Main / tail rotor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ulm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Microlight</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Voilure tournante, giravion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rotorcraft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vol à voile</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Gliding</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vol libre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 191pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Free flight</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 71pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_123.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"611\" height=\"383\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.66.</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 19pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark62\"></a>‌Aircraft composition and structure</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_124.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"544\" height=\"312\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 17pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.67.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 188.62pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 225pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Airframe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cadre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Frame</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Caisson Central</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Wing (Spare) Box</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aile En Porte A Faux</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cantilever Wing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cisaillement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Shear Stress</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Contrainte</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Normal Stress</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Couple, Cadre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ring Frame</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Déformation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Strain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flexion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Bending</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flottement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flutter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Lisse, Raidisseur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Stringer, Stiffener</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Longeron</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spar</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 119pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Nervure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 106pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rib</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_125.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"360\" height=\"112\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_126.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"715\" height=\"261\"></p>\n<p class=\"s52\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Nose gear</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s52\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Main gear</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s52\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">of a Typhoon</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s52\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Single wheel</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"border: 0.7pt solid #000000; display: block; min-height: 58.1pt; width: 132.2pt;\">\n<p class=\"s53\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: 23pt; line-height: 157%; text-align: left;\">Twin wheels Nose gear of a Rafale</p>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l124\">\n<ol id=\"l125\">\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark63\"></a>‌Landing gear ; Wheel Layouts</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"border: 0.7pt solid #000000; display: block; min-height: 58.2pt; width: 126.4pt;\">\n<p class=\"s53\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 18pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 158%; text-align: left;\">6 wheels Bogie of an B777</p>\n</div>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 425pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 126pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_127.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"404\" height=\"258\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"border: 0.7pt solid #000000; display: block; min-height: 57.0pt; width: 268.8pt;\">\n<p class=\"s53\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Monotrace</p>\n<p class=\"s53\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Landing gear of a Harrier fighter jet.</p>\n</div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 140pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 117.07pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 17pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 340pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 91pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Landing Gear, Miscellaneous</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Diabolo</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Diabolo, Twin Wheels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Empattement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Wheelbase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Emplanture</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Wing Root</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fuselage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fuselage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Jambe Atterrisseur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Gear Log/Strut</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Mât</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">(Nacelle) Strut</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Parebrise</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Windshield (US) Windscreen (GB)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Patins Ou Skis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Skids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Réservoir</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fuel Tank</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Sortir/ Rentrer Le Train</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Extend /Retract The Gear</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Train Atterrissage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Landing Gear, Undercarriage (GB) (Retractable/Fixed)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Train Classique</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; padding-right: 32pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tailwheel Or Taildragger Aircraft, Conventional Ger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Train Tricycle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Nosewheel Aircraft, Tricycle Landing Gear</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 168pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Verrière</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 172pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Canopy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<ol id=\"l126\">\n<ol id=\"l127\">\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark64\"></a>‌Wings and controls</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_128.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"663\" height=\"198\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">High wing Mid wing</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 64pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_129.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"617\" height=\"192\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Low wing Shoulder wing</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h3 style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark65\"></a>‌Wings angle</h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_130.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"663\" height=\"196\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 9pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_131.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"294\" height=\"195\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dihedral wings Anhedral wing</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 312pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Inverted gull wing</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 240pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_132.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"135\" height=\"37\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h3 style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark66\"></a>‌Wings shapes</h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 42pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_133.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"666\" height=\"196\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-bottom: 2pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Straight wings Tapered wings</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 34pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_134.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"666\" height=\"196\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Swept wings Elliptic wings</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 33pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_135.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"667\" height=\"203\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_136.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"664\" height=\"214\"></p>\n<p class=\"s40\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><span class=\"p\"> Biplane</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Triplane<span class=\"s40\"></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s54\" style=\"padding-top: 3pt; padding-left: 126pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Delta wings <span class=\"p\">Cropped delta wings and canard</span></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 235pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_137.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"133\" height=\"36\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h3 style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark67\"></a>‌Tails designs</h3>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 39pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_138.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"677\" height=\"199\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Low-set Mid-set</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 39pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_139.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"677\" height=\"198\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-bottom: 3pt; padding-left: 134pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">High-set T-Tail</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 39pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_140.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"677\" height=\"207\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_141.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"677\" height=\"186\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Twin fin</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Canard V-Tail</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 116.11pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 370pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Wings And Controls</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aérofrein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Airbrake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aile Effilée, En Pointe</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tapered Wing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aileron</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aileron</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Bec</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Slat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Braquage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Deflection</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cabrer</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pull The Nose Up, Pitch Up</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Calage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Wing Setting</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Carénage, Karman</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Fairing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Control Or Steering Wheel</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande De Direction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rudder Control</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande De Gauchissement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Aileron Control</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande De Profondeur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Elevator Control</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Commande De Vol Electrique</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Fly By Wire Controls</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Compensateur D’évolution,</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Volet De Compensation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tab Or Trim Tab</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Compensateur De Régime</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Trim</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Configuration Canard</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Canard Foil System, Foreplane</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Configuration Lisse</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Clean Configuration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dérive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vertical Tail / Fin, Vertical</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Stabilizer</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dièdre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dihedral</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Dispositifs Hypersustentateurs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">High Lift Devices</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 130pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Horizontal Stabilizer,</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Empennage (US)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 62pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Aft Tail,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Envergure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Wingspan</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flèche</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 130pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Angle Of Sweep</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Backward)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 62pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 2pt; padding-right: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">(Forward,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Forme En Plan</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Plant-Form</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Gouverne</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Control Surface</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Manche</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Control Stick</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Palonnier</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cross Or Rudder Bar</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 61pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spoiler,</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Portance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 85pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Destructeur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 32pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">De</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spoiler, Lift Dumper</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Volet (Simple/Double Fente)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flap (Single/Double Slotted)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Volet De Courbure, D’intrados</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 192pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Plain, Split Flap</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"V.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-top: 17pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark68\"></a>‌Engines</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-bottom: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Piston Engine</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 34pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_142.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"675\" height=\"284\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Jet Engine</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 2pt; padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.68.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_143.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"714\" height=\"432\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-left: 83pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.69.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 148.75pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 305pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: center;\">Propeller</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Calage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Setting</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Casserole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Spinner</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pale</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Blade</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Pas Variable / Fixe</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Variable Pitch, Constant Speed Vs Fixed Pitch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Petit / Grand Pas</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; padding-right: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Low Or Fine / High Or Coarse Pitch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 305pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 93pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Reciprocating Engine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Allumage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Ignition</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Avoir Des Râtés</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Splutter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Bielle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Connecting Rod</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Bimoteur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Twin-Engine Aircraft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Bougie</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Spark Plug</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Carburateur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Carburetor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s55\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Carter</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Crankcase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Collecteur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Manifold</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Consommation Spécifique</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Specific Fuel Consumption</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Culasse</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Cylinder Head</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s56\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Cylindre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Cylinder</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Dégivrage Carburateur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Carburettor Icing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Entrée D’air</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Air Intake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Essence</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Gasoline (Us), Petrol (Gb)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Gasoil</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Diesel</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Groupe Motopropulseur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Powerplant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Indice Octane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fuel / Octane Grade</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Manette Des Gaz</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Throttle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Piston</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Piston</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Richesse</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Mixture Composition (Lean/Rich)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Soupape D’admission</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Intake Valve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Soupape D’échappement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Exhaust Valve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tachymètre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; padding-right: 16pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Tachometer, RPM Indicator</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Température Des Gaz D’échappement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tours Par Minute</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Revolutions Per Minutes (RPM)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbocompresseur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbocharger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Vilebrequin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Crankshaft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 305pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s50\" style=\"padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: center;\">Turbine Engine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Chambre De Combustion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Combustion Chamber</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Compresseur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Compressor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Flux Primaire</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Hot Or Primary Flow</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Flux Secondaire</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; padding-right: 16pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Cold Or Secondary Flow, By-Pass Air</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 156pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Groupe Auxiliaire De</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 149pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Auxiliary Power Unit</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 148.75pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Puissance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">(APU)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Inverseur De Poussée</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Thrust Reverser</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Kérosène</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Aviation Jet Fuel, Jet A</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Moteurs Arrière</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Rear Podded Engine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Nacelle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Pod</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Postcombustion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Reheat, Afterburner</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Réacteur Double Corps</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Twin Shaft Turbofan</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Rotor Anti-Couple</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Tail Rotor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Soufflante</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Fan</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Statoréacteur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Ramjet Engine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Taux De Dilution</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">By Pass Ratio</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbine A Air Dynamique</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Ram Air Turbine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbo Réacteur Double Flux</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbofan Engine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 29pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Turbo Réacteur Simple Flux</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left;\">Turbojet Engine, Straight Flow Turbojet</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbo-Moteur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turboshaft Engine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turbopropulseur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Turboprop Engine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 157pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Tuyère</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 148pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 13pt; text-align: left;\">Nozzle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Turboprop Engine</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_144.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"701\" height=\"421\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 6pt; padding-left: 83pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Figure 2.70.</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 13pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_145.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"456\" height=\"274\"></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 2.71.</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 131pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ramjet and Rocket Engine</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 135.43pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 18pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 332pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"s57\" style=\"padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: 0pt; line-height: 16pt; text-align: left;\">V. <strong>Instruments</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Altimètre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Altimeter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Anémomètre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Airspeed Indicator</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Capteur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 66pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Sensor,</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Transducer</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 60pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Detector,</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 52pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Probe,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Centrale Aerodynamique</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Air Data Unit</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Centrale Inertielle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Inertial Unit</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 78pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Compas</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(Boussole)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 76pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Magnétique</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Magnetic Compass</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Horizon Artificiel</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 66pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Artificial</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicator</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 60pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Horizon,</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 52pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Attitude</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 78pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicateur</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Directionnel</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 76pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 6pt; padding-right: 2pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">De Cap,</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Heading Indicator, Directional</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Gyro</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicateur De Décrochage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Stall Warning Indicator</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicateur De Virage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Turn And Slip Indicator, Slip</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Bubble</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Interrupteur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Switch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Radiocompas</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 66pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Automatic</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(ADF)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 60pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Direction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 52pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Finder</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Radiogoniomètre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Visual Omni Range (VOR)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Recalage Gyroscope</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Gyro Resetting</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Système D’atterrissage Aux</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Instruments</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 66pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Instrument</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">(ILS)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 60pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">Landing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 52pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-right: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: right;\">System</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tableau De Bord</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Instrument Panel</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Tachymètre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Rpm Indicator, Tachometer</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 149.39pt;\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 31pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Variomètre</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vertical Speed Indicator, Rate Of</p>\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-top: 1pt; padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Climb Indicator</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse vraie</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">True Air Speed (TAS)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse indiquée</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Indicated Air Speed (IAS)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse calibrée</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Calibrated Air Speed (CAS)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse sol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Ground speed (GS)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 154pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Vitesse équivalente</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"width: 178pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid;\">\n<p class=\"s51\" style=\"padding-left: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Equivalent Air Speed (EAS)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 241pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_146.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"133\" height=\"36\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s3\" style=\"padding-left: 15pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark69\"></a>‌Chapitre 2 :</p>\n<p class=\"s3\" style=\"padding-left: 51pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">AERODYNAMIQUE, AEROSTATIQUE ET PRINCIPES DU VOL</p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_147.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"501\" height=\"304\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 1pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Ce chapitre est divisé en 3 parties :</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 1 : Aérodynamique</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 2 : Etude du vol stabilisé</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Partie 3 : Aérostation et vol spatial</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Complément : English vocabular</p>\n<p class=\"s15\" style=\"padding-top: 9pt; padding-left: 19pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\">Contenu du Chapitre :</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 10pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 1 : Aérodynamique</h4>\n<ol id=\"l128\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 12pt; padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Comment vole un avion ?</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 114pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;\">Etude de la polaire</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 7pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\">Caractéristiques d’une voilure</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 2 : Etude du vol stabilisé</h4>\n<ol id=\"l129\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">Les forces en jeu</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">Tangage, roulis et lacet</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"III.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 118pt; text-indent: -21pt; text-align: left;\">Facteur de charge</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"IV.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 117pt; text-indent: -20pt; text-align: left;\">Décollage et atterrissage</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Partie 3 : Aérostation et vol spatial</h4>\n<ol id=\"l130\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 108pt; text-indent: -11pt; text-align: left;\">Aérostation</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"II.\">\n<p class=\"s16\" style=\"padding-top: 8pt; padding-left: 113pt; text-indent: -16pt; text-align: left;\">Vol spatial</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Complément : English vocabulary</h4>\n<h1 style=\"padding-top: 20pt; padding-left: 14pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><a name=\"bookmark70\"></a>‌Partie 1 : Aérodynamique :</h1>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 21pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l131\">\n<li data-list-text=\"I.\">\n<p class=\"s17\" style=\"padding-left: 127pt; text-indent: -35pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark71\"></a>‌Comment vole un avion ?</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ol id=\"l132\">\n<li data-list-text=\"A.\">\n<p class=\"s18\" style=\"padding-left: 101pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\"><a name=\"bookmark72\"></a>‌Les Caractéristiques d’un profil d’aile :</p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 5pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 92pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"><img src=\"https://bia-facile.fr/manuel-bia-2021_files/Image_148.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"573\" height=\"159\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p style=\"padding-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\"></p>\n<ul id=\"l133\">\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Profil : <span class=\"p\">Coupe verticale de l’aile</span></p>\n<p class=\"s22\" style=\"padding-top: 5pt; padding-left: 4pt; text-indent: 0pt; text-align: left;\">Figure 1.1.</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-top: 13pt; padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Corde de profil : <span class=\"p\">Ligne joignant le bord d’attaque au bord de fuite</span></p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Profondeur : <span class=\"p\">Longueur de la corde de profil, notée </span>c</p>\n</li>\n<li data-list-text=\"\">\n<p class=\"s4\" style=\"padding-left: 96pt; text-indent: -17pt; text-align: left;\">Epaisseur : <span class=\"p\">Distance maximum entre l’Extrados et l’Intrados</span></p>\n<p sty